Official Statistics as Curriculum: Biopolitics and the United States Census in Schools Program

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Notes

Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Alan Sheridan, trans.). (New York: Vintage Books, 1979); Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 172–221.

The 2000 Census collected information on over 275 million U.S. residents. The average final response rate was 67%, up from the 65% rate of the 1990 census. The state with the highest response rate was Iowa (76%). Alaska had the lowest response rate of any state (56%). The response rate in Puerto Rico was 53%. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000 Final Response Rates, http://rates.census.gov/: Accessed August 24, 2004.

Charles Hirschman, The Making of Race in Colonial Malaya: Political Economy and Racial Ideology, Sociological Forum 1:2 (1986): 330–362.; Charles Hirschman, The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classifications, The Journal of Asian Studies 46:3 (1987): 555–581.

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991), 164.

Ibid., 165.

Ibid., 165.

Ibid., 170.

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 101–105.

Michel Foucault, History of Systems of Thought, In D. F. Bouchard (Ed.), Language, Counter-Memory, Practice (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977), 199–204; Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977, Colin Gordon (Ed.) (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980); Robert D'Amico, What is Discourse? Humanities in Society 5:3/4 (1982): 201–212.

Ibid.

Adolphe Quetelet, Letters Addressed to H. R. H. the Grand Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha on the Theory of Probability, (S. Diamond, trans.). (Gainesville, FL: Scholar's Facsimiles and Reprints, 1981), 183.

Michel Foucault, Governmentality, In Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller (Eds.), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 87–104.

Ibid., 92.

Ibid., 99.

Doreen S. Goyer and Eliane Domschke, The Handbook of National Population Censuses: Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, and Oceania (New York: The Greenwood Press, 1983); Elaine Domschke and Doreen S. Goyer, The Handbook of National Population Censuses: Africa and Asia (New York: The Greenwood Press, 1986); Doreen S. Goyer and Elaine Domschke, The Handbook of National Population Censuses: Europe (New York: The Greenwood Press, 1992).

Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1, An Introduction (Robert Hurley, trans) (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 135–145; Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 195–228.

Committee on Government Reform, Measures To Improve Marketing, Outreach, and Promotion of the 2000 Census, Report Together With Minority Views [To Accompany H.R. 1010], 106th Congress, 1st Session, 1999, H. Rep. 106-97.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census in Schools Highlights, http://www.census.gov/dmd/www/hilites.html.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census Goes to School: The Official School Newsletter for Census 2000 1:2 (1999). Prepared by Scholastic, Inc., document no. D-3319 (December 1999).

House Committee on Government Reform, Census in Schools Promotion Act, Report Together With Minority Views [To Accompany H.R. 1058], 106th Congress, 1st Session, 1999, H. Rep. 106-105, 2; U.S. Bureau of the Census, The Census Goes to School: A Guide for Educators and Community Leaders. Document no. D-3242 (March 1999), 1.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census Goes to School, 3.

Giddens, Nation-State and Violence, 181.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Making Sense of Census 2000. Prepared by Scholastic, Inc., document no. D-3269HTYL (March 1999).

Ibid.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Making Sense of Census 2000, Teaching Guide, Grades 9-12. Prepared by Scholastic, Inc., document no. D-3273HTG (March 1999), 15.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Making Sense of Census 2000, Teaching Guide, Grades K-4. Prepared by Scholastic, Inc., document no. D-3273ETG (March 1999), 12.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Making Sense of Census 2000, Teaching Guide, Grades 5-8. Prepared by Scholastic, Inc., document no. D-3273MTG (March 1999), 12.

Martha Farnsworth Riche, Cultural and Political Dimensions of the U.S. Census: Past and Present, American Behavioral Scientist 42:6 (1999): 933–945, 933.

For an extended discussion of this theme see John Durham Peters, Distrust of Representation: Habermas on the Public Sphere, Media, Culture and Society 15 (1993): 541–571.

Harold Garfinkel, Conditions of Successful Degradation Ceremonies, American Journal of Sociology 61 (1956): 420–424, 421.

Desley Deacon, Political Arithmetic: The Nineteenth Century Australian Census and the Creation of the Dependent Woman, Signs 11:1 (1985): 27–47; Margo Anderson, (Only) White Males Have Class: Reflections on Early 19th-Century Occupational Classification Systems, Work and Occupations 21:1 (1994): 5–32; Harriet B. Presser, Decapitating the U.S. Census Bureau's “Head of Household”: Feminist Mobilization in the 1970s, Feminist Economics 4:3 (1998): 145–158.

Anderson, (Only) White Men Have Class, 28.

Arthur S. Fleming quoted in Presser, Decapitating the U.S. Census, 151.

Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 195–228.

Barry Smart, Michel Foucault (New York: Routledge, 1985), 86; See also Michel Foucault, The Eye of Power, In Power/Knowledge, 146–165.

Barry Smart, Michel Foucault, 86.

John L. McMullen, Social Surveillance and the Rise of the ‘Police Machine,’ Theoretical Criminology 2:1 (1998): 93–117.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census Bureau Strategic Plan FY 2004–2008 (September 2003).

Don Gifford, The Farther Shore: A Natural History of Perception, 1798–1984 (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), 125–172.

Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 139–141.

Ibid., 92.

Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).

Bureau of the Census, Teaching Guide, Grades 5-8, 3.

Ibid., 8.

Guy Debord, The Society of the Spectacle (Donald Nicholson-Smith, trans.) (New York: Zone Books, 1995), 76.

Stanford Lyman and Marvin B. Scott, On the Time Track, In A Sociology of the Absurd (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970), 189–207; Jeremy Rifkin, In Time Wars: The Primary Conflict in Human History (New York: Touchstone Books, 1989), 48–66, 164–170.

Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963), 18–22, 196–199.

Jean-Françoise Lyotard, Ticket for a New Stage, In The Postmodern Explained: Correspondence, 1982–1985 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 81–85.

Ernest Mandel, An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970), 69–72.

Henry A. Giroux, Ideology, Culture, and the Process of Schooling (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 37–62, 143–159.

Peter McLaren, Schooling as a Ritual Performance: Toward a Political Economy of Educational Symbols and Gestures (3rd ed.) (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), 290.

Michael W. Apple, Official Knowledge: Democratic Education in a Conservative Age (3rd ed.) (New York: Routledge, 2000).

McLaren, Schooling as a Ritual Performance, 81, 102–103.

McLaren, Schooling as a Ritual Performance, 83–85.

Giroux, Ideology, Culture, and the Process of Schooling, 39.

Henry A. Giroux, Schooling as a Form of Cultural Politics: Toward a Pedagogy of and for Difference, In Henry A. Giroux and Peter McLaren (Eds.), Critical Pedagogy, the State, and Cultural Struggle (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989) 125–151.

Henry Giroux and Anthony Penna, Social Education in the Classroom: The Dynamics of the Hidden Curriculum, In Henry Giroux and David Purpel (Eds.), The Hidden Curriculum and Moral Education (Berkeley: McCutchan Publishing Corporation, 1983), 100–121.

McLaren, Schooling as a Ritual Peformance, 272–280; Phil Francis Carpsecken, “Afterword,” In Peter McLaren, Schooling as a Ritual Performance, 292–298.

Michelle Fine, Silencing and Nurturing Voice in an Improbable Context: Urban Adolescents in Public School, In Henry A. Giroux and Peter McLaren (Eds.), Critical Pedagogy, the State, and Cultural Struggle (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989), 152–173.

Michael W. Apple, Ideology and Curriculum (3rd ed.), (New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2004), 152–156.