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Notes
1 George H.W. Bush, “Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Cessation of the Persian Gulf Conflict,” American Presidency Project, March 6, 1991, <www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=19364>.
2 Parsi makes the same argument in his prior works, namely Trita Parsi, Treacherous Alliance (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 151–56, 175–77; Trita Parsi, Israeli–Iranian Relations, 1970–2001: Ideological Calculus or Strategic Rivalry? (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), pp. 272–76, 390–94; Trita Parsi, A Single Roll of the Dice (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), pp. 23–25.
3 Ibid.
4 Tehran Domestic Service (Persian), “Velayati Receives Palestinian Leaders, Sha’ban,” FBIS-NES-90-235, December 5, 1990.
5 Tehran Television Service (Persian), “Velayati Meets PFLP Secretary General,” FBIS-NES-90-232, December 2, 1990; Tehran Domestic Service (Persian), “Fadlallah, Others Meet with Velayati,” FBIS-NES-90-234, December 5, 1990.
6 Ali Khamenei, “Khamene’i Addresses Palestinian Issue,” FBIS-NES-90-234, December 4, 1990.
7 David Menashri, Post-revolutionary Politics in Iran (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 263.
8 Suzanne Maloney, Iran’s Political Economy since the Revolution (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015), pp. 467–68.
9 Richard Nephew, The Art of Sanctions (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018), p. 109.
10 David E. Sanger and Annie Lowrey, “Iran Threatens to Block Oil Shipments, as U.S. Prepares Sanctions,” New York Times, December 27, 2011, <www.nytimes.com/2011/12/28/world/middleeast/iran-threatens-to-block-oil-route-if-embargo-is-imposed.html>.
11 On international sanctions policy against Iran in 2011 and 2012, see Kenneth Katzman, Iran Sanctions (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2017); Jay Solomon, The Iran Wars (New York: Random House, 2016), pp. 198–205; Gary Samore, ed., Sanctions against Iran: A Guide to Targets, Terms, and Timetables (Cambridge, MA: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 2015).
12 Juan C. Zarate, Treasury’s War (New York: PublicAffairs, 2013), p. 340.
13 Parsi includes some additional detail in a footnote on pp. 428–29.
14 On weaponization restrictions, see JCPOA, July 14, 2015, Annex 1, Section T. On Iran’s commitment never to “seek, develop, or acquire” nuclear weapons, see JCPOA, July 14, 2015, Preamble, para. iii.
15 JCPOA, July 14, 2015, Annex 1, Section B.
16 Moniz testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in July 2015 that, if Iran was “enriching to 90 percent, every alarm bell in the world would go off,” even if this took place at a time when Iran was permitted to do so (starting in 2031). Moniz added that Iran would face “cohesive international pressure, perhaps sanctions, and perhaps military response.” Ernest Moniz, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, “Iran Nuclear Agreement Review,” 114th Cong., 1st sess., July 23, 2015, p. 61. Wendy Sherman, Undersecretary of state for political affairs, also testified to that effect. Wendy Sherman, Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, “Implications of Sanctions Relief under the Iran Agreement,” 114th Cong., 1st sess., August 5, 2015, pp. 33–34.
17 Ash Carter, “Iran Deal Features Defense Backstop,” USA Today, September 4, 2015, <www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/09/03/ash-carter-iran-deal-strengthens-us-military-strategy/71610152/>.