Oliver Meier and Maren Vieluf respond

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This article responds to:

Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Director, Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology, Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi

Jacques E. C. Hymans, Associate Professor of International Relations, University of Southern California

Nina Tannenwald, Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Brown University

Michael Cohen, Senior Lecturer, Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University

Notes

1 See, for example, Erin K. Jenne, Kirk A. Hawkins, and Bruno Castanho Silva, “Mapping Populism and Nationalism in Leader Rhetoric Across North America and Europe,” Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 56 (2021), pp.170-196; Kirk A. Hawkins, Rosario Aguilar, Bruni Castanho Silva, Erin K. Jenne, Bojana Kocijan, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, “Measuring Populist Discourse: The Global Populism Database,” paper presented at the 2019 EPSA Annual Conference in Belfast, Northern Ireland, June 20-22, 2019, <https://populism.byu.edu/App_Data/Publications/Global%20Populism%20Database%20Paper.pdf>.

2 See, for example, Ulrich Kühn, Tristan Volpe, and Bert Thompson, “Tracking the German Nuclear Debate,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, August 15, 2018, <https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/09/07/tracking-german-nuclear-debate-pub-72884>; Byong-Chul Lee, “Don’t Be Surprised When South Korea Wants Nuclear Weapons,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, <https://thebulletin.org/2019/10/dont-be-surprised-when-south-korea-wants-nuclear-weapons/>.

3 René Pfister, Britta Sandberg, and Christoph Schult, “A European Bomb: Debate over Nuclear Deterrence Heats up in the EU,” Der Spiegel, April 14, 2022, <https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/a-european-bomb-debate-over-nuclear-deterrence-heats-up-in-the-eu-a-88ab0869-67c6-4bc9-bdff-75c32340b56c>.

4 See Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).

5 Gordon M. Friedrichs, “Populist Minds Think Alike? National Identity Conceptions and Foreign Policy Preferences of Populist Leaders,” Foreign Policy Analysis, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orac004.

6 Erin K. Jenne, “Populism, Nationalism and Revisionist Foreign Policy,” International Affairs, Vol. 97, No. 2 (2021), pp. 323-43.

7 Jonny Hall, “In Search of Enemies: Donald Trump’s Populist Foreign Policy Rhetoric,” Politics, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 48-63; Corina Lacatus, “Populism and President Trump’s Approach to Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Tweets and Rally Speeches,” Politics, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 31-47.

8 See for example , “Johnson dismisses Putin’s Nuclear Warning as a ‘Distraction’,” Breakingnews.ie, February 27,2022, <https://www.breakingnews.ie/world/boris-johnson-dismisses-putins-nuclear-warning-as-a-distraction-1265737.html>; “Boris Johnson Comments on Russia’s Nuclear Threat to Ukraine,” Bloomberg, March 24, 2022, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HI0-XjUVuc>; “UK’s Johnson Says Putin has Room to Withdraw From Ukraine,” Reuters, April 26, 2022, <https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uks-johnson-does-not-expect-putin-use-tactical-nuclear-weapons-2022-04-26/>.

9 See, for example, Georgiy Kasianov, “The War Over Ukrainian Identity. Nationalism, Russian Imperialism, and the Quest to Define Ukraine’s History,” Foreign Affairs, May 4, 2022, <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2022-05-04/war-over-ukrainian-identity>. On the role of nationalism and populism in Putin’s politics with regard to Eastern Ukraine since 2014, see Sofia Tipaldou and Philipp Casula, “Russian Nationalism Shifting: The Role of Populism Since the Annexation of Crimea,” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Summer 2019), pp. 349-70.

10 Oliver Meier, “Back to Basics: The Nuclear Order, Arms Control, and Europe,” Arms Control Today, April 2022, pp. 6–8, <https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2022-04/features/back-basics-nuclear-order-arms-control-europe>.

11 Jenne, “Populism, Nationalism and Revisionist Foreign Policy,” p. 332.

12 In a similar manner, research on effects of populism in general has repeatedly discussed whether populism can be threatening to or serve as a corrective for democracies. See, for example, Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1985); Christóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, “The Ambivalence of Populism: Threat and Corrective for Democracy,” Democratization, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2012.