Equine Risk Assessment for Insecticides Used in Adult Mosquito Management

ABSTRACT

Since West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced to New York City in 1999, it has subsequently spread through the Americas, creating human and animal health risks. Our equine risk assessment focused on three pyrethroid insecticides (phenothrin, resmethrin, and permethrin), pyrethrins, and two organophosphate insecticides (malathion and naled). Piperonyl butoxide, a synergist commonly used in pyrethroids, was also assessed. The objective was to use deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment methodologies to evaluate health risks to horses from vector management tactics used for control of adult mosquitoes. Our exposure estimates were derived from the Kenaga nomogram for food deposition, AgDRIFT® for deposition onto soil and hair, AERMOD for ambient air concentrations, and PRZM-EXAMS for water concentrations. We used the risk quotient (RQ) method for our assessment with the RQ level of concern (LOC) set at 1.0. RQs were determined by comparing the exposure to no-observable-effect-levels. Acute deterministic RQs ranged from 0.0004 for phenothrin to 0.2 for naled. Subchronic deterministic RQs ranged from 0.001 for phenothrin to 0.6 for naled. The probabilistic assessment revealed estimates of deterministic acute and subchronic RQs were highly conservative. Our assessment revealed that risks to horses from adult mosquito insecticides are low and not likely to exceed the LOC.

Key Words:

• horse
• mosquito control
• pesticide exposure
• risk analysis
• West Nile virus
• ultra low volume

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was funded by a grant from the U.S. Armed Forces Pest Management Board's Deployed War Fighter Protection Research Program and by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Montana State University.

Notes

*N/A = Not available.

^a(USDA-ARS 2005),

^d(USEPA 2005f),

^g(USEPA 2005e),

^b(USEPA 2000a),

^e(NLM 2005),

^h(USEPA 2005d),

^c(USEPA 1997),

^f(WHO/FAO 1994),

ⁱ(USEPA 2005g),

* = Sorption coefficient.

^a(Gallagher et al. 1992),

^bSA(m²) = 0.11 Wt^0.65(kg) (USEPA 1993),

^c(Lafortuna and Saibene 1991),

^d(van den Berg et al. 1998),

^e(Frape 2004),

^f(Tasker 1967; Glade 1983; Koterba et al. 1988; Lafortuna and Saibene 1991; Nyman et al. 2002; Sponheimer et al. 2003),

*SD = Standard Deviation.

¹PE_total = PE_food+ PE_soil+ PE_water+ PE_grooming+ PE_inhalation.

²RQ = PE_total/toxic endpoint.

¹PE_total = PE_food+ PE_soil+ PE_water+ PE_grooming+ PE_inhalation.

²RQ = PE_total/toxic endpoint.