Source apportionment of pollution in groundwater source area using factor analysis and positive matrix factorization methods

ABSTRACT

By means of factor analysis (FA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) methods, groundwater pollution sources were identified in the Jinji groundwater source area, which is beside the Yellow River and is the only urban water supply source for the city of Wuzhong in Northwestern China. The sources of groundwater were quantified based on 16 samples of shallow groundwater from the source area. The source apportionment with the PMF model identified three dominant groundwater pollution sources. These were anthropogenic activities of agricultural and industrial pollution with a pollution contribution of 53.0%, water–rock interaction of 24.6%, and evaporation and concentration of 22.4%. The source apportionment with the FA model identified four sources which were evaporation and concentration, with the largest contribution (42.6%), followed by anthropogenic activities (29.2%), mineral dissolution and industrial pollution (22.4%), and natural effects (5.8%). Specific attention should be paid to these natural (fluoride, TH, etc.) and anthropogenic sources (NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, turbidity, total bacterial count, etc.), and pertinent measures should be taken to control local groundwater pollution. The most significant trait of the PMF is its scientific interpretation and physical explanation of the results, depending on non-negative restriction of the pollution source profiles and contributions.

KEYWORDS:

• source apportionment
• groundwater
• factor analysis
• positive matrix factorization
• water source area

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41402211 and 41372233), the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China (2014ZX07201-010), and Special Project of Water Pollution Prevention, MEP of China.