Liquid-phase microextraction of biomarkers: A review on current methods

ABSTRACT

The detection and quantification of biomarkers have gained more attention in the medical discipline to evaluating disease progression to manage medical treatment. Biomarkers range from gases to biological macromolecules. Because of the nanomolar range levels of typical biomarkers in plasma, blood, urine, exhalation samples, and other biological fluids as well as complex matrix of biological media, adequate sample preparation methods should be used for quantification of biomarkers. Biomarkers are discussed here generally classified mainly into two subgroups which arisen from disease or exposure compounds. The analytical method is critical for the validity/reliability of a biomarker. Accuracy, precision, reproducibility, recovery, sensitivity, and specificity all have high influence to the consistency with the limit and reference values concerned. In this paper, developments in well-established liquid-phase microextraction techniques for the clinical analysis of biological samples will be reviewed and discussed. This article presents an overview of microextraction methods for biological samples, focusing especially on biomarkers.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Bioanalysis
• biomarker
• liquid-phase microextraction
• sample preparation

Abbreviations::

• DDLLME: dispersive derivatization liquid–liquid microextraction
• DLLME: dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
• FM2: flunitrazepam
• HF: hollow fiber
• HS-SDME: headspace single-drop microextraction
• ILs: ionic liquids
• LLE: liquid–liquid extraction
• LPE: liquid-phase extraction
• LPME: liquid-phase microextraction
• NNA: 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol
• NNK: 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
• NPs: nanoparticles
• PAA: phenylacetic acid
• PPA: phenylpropionic acid
• SA-SDME: silver nanoparticle-assisted single-drop microextraction
• SDME: single-drop microextraction
• SFODME: solidified floating organic drop microextraction
• SLM: supported liquid membrane
• SPE: solid-phase extraction
• SS-SDME: salt-saturated single-drop microextraction
• TC-IL-DLLME: temperature-controlled ionic liquid-dispersive derivatization liquid–liquid microextraction
• 3-OHBaP: 3-hydroxybenzo[a] pyrene
• USA-DLLME: ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction