Cilnidipine loaded poly (ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles for enhanced oral delivery: optimization using DoE, physical characterization, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic evaluation

Abstract

Cilnidipine (CND), an anti-hypertensive drug, possesses low oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility, low dissolution rate, and high gut wall metabolism. In the present study, an attempt has been made to prepare CND loaded polycaprolactone based nanoparticles (CND-PCL-NPs) by nanoprecipitation method applying the concepts of Design of Experiments. Critical factors affecting particle size and loading efficiency (LE%) were assessed by a hybrid design approach, comprising of Mini Run Resolution IV design followed by Box–Behnken design. Particle size, PDI, zeta potential and LE% of optimized formulations of CND-PCL-NPs were 220.3 ± 2.6 nm, 0.25 ± 0.1, −19.5 ± 0.9 mV, and 46.4 ± 1.8%, respectively. No significant changes were observed in the physical stability of nanoparticles when stored at 25 °C/60% RH over a period of 3 months. Oral pharmacokinetic studies revealed that F_abs of CND-PCL-NPs (0.55) were significantly higher than the CND suspension (0.26). Pharmacodynamic studies have revealed that the mean percent reduction in systolic blood pressure (% ΔSBP) was significantly higher in the case of CND-PCL-NPs (42%) as compared to CND suspension (24%). Optimized CND-PCL-NPs offer great potential in providing higher and sustained antihypertensive effect compared to conventional formulations of CND.

Graphical Abstract

Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2020.1864643.

Keywords:

• Cilnidipine
• polycaprolactone
• polymeric nanoparticles
• Mini Run Resolution IV design
• Box–Behnken design
• pharmacokinetics
• pharmacodynamics

Acknowledgments

All the authors are thankful to the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India [DST-INSPIRE-IF150457] for providing fellowship to to carryout the research work. We are thankful to Central Analytical Laboratory, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad campus for providing the analytical facility.

Ethical approval

All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology [DST-INSPIRE-IF150457].