Intranasal delivery of doxepin: enhancing brain targeting efficiency utilizing nanostructured lipid carriers for a biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system class-I drug

Abstract

Doxepin, a Class-I Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) drug, exhibits poor bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism. This research focuses on enhancing the delivery of doxepin by formulating nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) through the utilization of the Box–Behnken Design methodology. These optimized NLCs are intended for intranasal administration, with the ultimate goal of improving nose-to-brain drug delivery. NLCs were formulated using a high-speed homogenization technique. The optimized batch had a small particle size (75.80 ± 5.48 nm, PDI = 0.286), high entrapment efficiency (94.10 ± 0.16%), and sustained ex vivo release (82.25 ± 4.61% at 24 h). Characterization studies confirmed the conversion of doxepin from a crystalline to an amorphous state with uniform distribution in the lipid matrix. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed significantly higher doxepin concentration in the brain tissue (C_max = 16.77 µg/g, t_max = 30 min) after intranasal administration compared to intravenous administration (C_max = 2.53 µg/g, t_max = 6 h). High-drug targeting efficiency (DTE = 284.3%) and direct transport percentage (DTP = 64.8%) suggested direct penetration of NLCs in the brain via olfactory and trigeminal pathways. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of NLCs to improve the bioavailability of doxepin through nose-to-brain delivery and thereby potentially enable the treatment of neurological disorders.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Doxepin
• Box–Behnken design
• nanostructured lipid carriers
• nose-to-brain
• bioavailability
• pharmacokinetic study

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

Data will be available on request to corresponding author.