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The European Legacy
Toward New Paradigms
Volume 20, 2015 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Images of Europe around the CrisisFootnote

Pages 1-11 | Published online: 21 Nov 2014
 

Abstract

In this article I examine the extent to which the European crisis has debunked certain images of Europe and spread other new ones. I will try to summarize the stages of this symbolic tour through (1) furtive and mechanical Europe; (2) the remoteness of non-salient Europe; (3) the Europe that hopes and the Europe that fears; (4) headstrong Europe, which claims that crises are necessarily opportunities; and then (5), the Europe with which I identify the most: contingent Europe, which could be or not be, or be in another fashion, whose interest lies in that it is an uncertain product of our conditioned freedom and which, for that very reason, we can consider (6) a politicized Europe.

Notes

This article was originally presented as a keynote speech at ISSEI’s 14th International Conference, “Images of Europe: Past, Present, Future,” The Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, 4–8 August 2014.

1. Jean Monnet, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1978), 417.

2. Giandomenico Majone, “The General Crisis of the European Union: A Genetic Approach,” in The European Union in Crises or the European Union as Crises? ed. John Erik Fossum and Agustín José Menéndez, ARENA, Report no. 2/14 (Oslo: University of Olso, Centre for European Studies, 2014), 216.

3. Loukas Tsoukalis, The New European Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).

4. Cited in Jan Zielonka, Is the EU Doomed? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2014), 73.

5. Antje Wiener, “Evolving Norms of Constitutionalism in Europe: From ‘Treaty Language’ to ‘Constitution’?” in Altneuland: The EU Constitution in a Constitutional Perspective, Jean Monnet Working Paper 5/04 (New York: NYU School of Law, 2004), 26.

6. Dieter Wolf, “The New Raison d’État as a Problem for Democracy in World Society,” European Journal of International Relations 5.3 (1999): 333–63.

7. Cited in George Ross, Jacques Delors and European Integration (London: Polity Press, 1995), 194.

8. Andrew Moravcsik, “What Can We Learn from the Collapse of the European Constitutional Project?” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 47.2 (2006): 239.

9. Berthold Rittberger, Building Europe’s Parliament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

10. Miles Kahler, “Defining Accountability Up: The Global Economic Multilaterals,” Government and Opposition 39.2 (2004): 132–58.

11. Moravcsik, “What Can We Learn from the Collapse of the European Constitutional Project?” 225.

12. Jürgen Habermas, Zur Verfassung Europas. Ein Essay (Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2012), 42.

13. Joseph Weiler, “In the Face of the Crisis: Input Legitimacy, Output Legitimacy and the Political Messianism of European Integration,” Journal of European Integration 34 (2012): 825–41.

14. Daniel Innerarity, El futuro y sus enemigos. Una defensa de la esperanza política (Barcelona: Paidós, 2009); The Future and Its Enemies (Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012).

15. Paul Valéry, Variety (San Diego, CA: Harcourt, 1927), 27.

16. Michael Walzer, On Toleration (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 5.

17. Michael Bauer, Thomas Bauer, and Florian Baumann, Die EU als Risikogemeinschaft Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zur Zukunft der europäischen Integration (2008), at: http://www.cap.lmu.de/download/2008/CAP-Analyse-2008-03.pdf).

18. Ulrich Beck, Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1986).

19. Friedrich Engels, Herrn Eugen Dühring’s Umwalzung der Wissenschaft, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Werke (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1962), vol. 20, 106.

20. Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, “Kennt die europäische Not kein Gebot? (2012),” in NZZ-Online, at: http//www.nzz.ch/nahcrichten/kultur/aktuell/kennt_die_europaeische_not_kein_gebot_1.6182412.html accessed 24 February 2012.

21. James Madison, The Federalist Papers, ed. I. Kramnick (London: Penguin, 1987), 87.

22. Joseph Weiler, The Constitution of Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

23. Francis Cheneval, “The Democratic Legitimacy of the EU: Is Federalism the Solution or the Problem?” in The Eurozone Crisis and the Democratic Deficit, ed. Richard Bellamy and Uta Staiger (London: UCL European Institute, 2013), 15.

24. Miguel Poiares Maduro, A New Governance for the European Union and the Euro: Democracy and Justice (Brussels: European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, 2012).

25. Yves Mény, “Conclusion: A Voyage to the Unknown,” Journal of Common Market Studies 50.1 (2012): 164.

26. Lisbeth Hoogue and Gary Marks “A Postfuncionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus,” British Journal of Political Science 39 (2008): 1–23.

27. Giandomenico Majone, Dilemmas of European Integration (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

28. Michael Oakeshott, The Politics of Faith and the Politics of Scepticism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 20.

29. Luuk van Middelaar, Le passage à l’Europe. Histoire d’un commencement (Paris: Gallimard, 2012).

30. Habermas, Zur Verfassung Europas. Ein Essay, 7.

31. Simon Hix and Stefano Bartolini, “Politics: The Right or the Wrong Sort of Medicine for the EU?” Notre Europe, Policy Paper no. 19 (2009). Paul Magnette and Yannis Papadopoulus, “On the Politicization of the European Consociation: A Middle Way between Hix and Bartolini,” European Governance Papers, no. C-08-01 (2008).

32. Innerarity, El futuro y sus enemigos; The Future and Its Enemies.

33. Serge Champeau, “Populist Movements and the European Union,” in The Future of Europe: Democracy, Legitimacy and Justice, ed. Serge Champeau, Carlos Closa, Daniel Innerarity, and Miguel P. Maduro (London: Rowman & Littlefield, forthcoming).

34. Majone, “The General Crisis of the European Union: A Genetic Approach,” 244.

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