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Abstract
A fruitful direction for research on the European cultural heritage is to adopt a transnational approach. Rather than see cultural heritage as predominantly expressed in national contexts, it could be seen as primarily transnational and as plural. Such a view would also suggest a conception of national histories as themselves products of transnational encounters. In this perspective, the European dimension is not then necessarily something over and above nations, but part of their heritage. Moreover, as fundamentally transnational, the European heritage is not exclusively confined to Europe. Cultural heritage is not something that is fixed or based on an essence; it is produced and reinterpreted by social actors in different but overlapping contexts. This is also an interpretative approach that draws attention to the entangled nature of memories and especially the cultural logic by which new conceptions and narratives of heritage emerge from the encounter and entanglement of different memories. Such an approach offers new opportunities for comparative research on the European heritage as an entangled mosaic of histories and memories. This approach thus rejects not only particularistic but also universalistic ones such as alternative Eurocentric accounts.
Notes
1. See, for example, Bayly, The Modern World; Beckert, Empire of Cotton; Burbank and Cooper, Empires in World History; Coatsworth et al., Global Connections; Hunt, Writing History. Rosenberg, ed., A World Connecting; Rosenberg Transnational Currents; and Sachsenmaier, Global Perspectives.
2. This post-universalistic conception of cosmopolitanism has been elaborated in numerous recent works on cosmopolitanism, including, for example, Benhabib Another Cosmopolitanism; Cheah. Inhuman Conditions; and Delanty, The Cosmopolitan Imagination.
3. Smith, “National Identity,” 55–76; and Shore, Building Europe.
4. For example, Winter and Sivan, War and Remembrance; Wood, Vectors of Memory; Eder and Winfried Spohn, eds., Collective Memory; Rietbergen, Europe: A Cultural History; and Senghaas, The European Experience.
5. Harrison, Heritage: Critical Appraisals.
6. Hartog, Regimes of Historicity.
7. Graham, Ashworth, and Tunbridge, Pluralizing Pasts; Innocenti, ed., Migrating Heritage; Karp and Lavine, eds., Exhibiting Cultures; and Karp, Mullen Kreamer, and Lavine, eds., Museums and Communities.
8. Lowenthal, The Past; and Horne, The Great Museum.
9. Huyssen, Twilight Memories; Macdonald, Difficult Heritage; McDonald, Memorylands; Pakier and Strath, eds., A European Memory; and Hunt, Women in the Eighteenth Century.
10. Ricouer, History, Memory and Forgetting.
11. Biebuyck and Rumford, “Many Europes: Rethinking Multiplicity,” 3–20.
12. Davies, Europe: A History.
13. Berger, “Collective Memory in Europe,” 21–35.
14. Checkel and Katzenstein, eds., European Identity; and Fligstein, Euroclash.
15. Brague, Eccentric Europe; Gadamer, “The Diversity of Europe,” 221–37; Joas and Wiegandt, eds., Europe’s Cultural Values; and Van Gelderen and Skinner, eds., Republicanism.
16. Council of Europe, Forward Planning; see also the research programme Horizon 2020, the 2013 New Narratives for Europe, and the Lisbon Treaty.
17. Arnason, Civilisations in Dispute.
18. Alexander et al., Cultural Trauma; and Giesen, Triumph and Trauma.
19. Haupt and Kocha, eds., Comparative and Transnational History; Rosenberg, A World Connecting; Iriye, Global and Transnational History; and Sachsenmaier, Global Perspectives.
20. Klanczay and Werner, eds. Multiple Antiquities—Multiple Modernities; and North, ed., Artistic and Cultural Exchange.
21. Vertovec, Transnationalism.
22. Bennett, Making Culture.
23. Burke, Hybridity.
24. Wagner, Modernity.
25. Koselleck, Futures Past.
26. Delanty, Formations of European Modernity.
27. Baldwin, Hitler, the Holocaust.
28. Certeau, The Writing of History; and Runia, Moved by the Past.
29. Kant, Perpetual Peace: Political Writing.
30. Appiah, Cosmopolitanism; Beck, The Cosmopolitan Outlook; Breckenridge et al., Cosmopolitanism; Cheah and Robbins, eds., Cosmopolitics; Delanty, The Cosmopolitan Imagination; Fine, Cosmopolitanism; Hannerz, “Cosmopolitanism and Locals,” 237–51; Holton, Cosmopolitanisms; and Vertovec and Cohen, eds., Conceiving Cosmopolitanism.
31. Gould, “Islam and Political Ideologies,” 185–200.
32. Benton, Understanding Heritage and Memory.
33. Alexander, “Construction of Moral Universals,” 5–85. Novick, The Holocaust; Assmann and Conrad, eds., Memory; and Rothberg, Multidirectional Memory.
34. Levy and Sznaider, “Memory Unbound,” 87–106; Levy and Sznaider, The Holocaust.
35. Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust.
36. Nora, Realms of Memory.
37. Novick, The Holocaust.
38. Rothberg, Multidirectional Memory.
39. See Goldblatt, Cultural Mobility: A Manifesto.
40. Burke and Hsia Po-Chua, Cultural Translation.
41. Harrison, “‘Natural’ and ‘Cultural’ Heritage,” 24–42.
42. Balibar, We are the Europeans; Beck and Grande, Cosmopolitan Europe.
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