Ignorance: Passive, Active, or Virtuous

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Notes

^1. For useful earlier introductions, see Proctor and Schiebinger, eds., Agnotology; Gross and McGoey, eds., Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies; and Unger, Ignorance.

^2. Cf. Proctor, Golden Holocaust, and Cancer Wars; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Michaels, “Manufactured Uncertainty,” 90–107; Oreskes and Conway, Merchants of Doubt.

^3. Proctor, “Agnotology, 1–36.

^4. Cf. Oreskes and Conway, Merchants of Doubt, passim; Cranor, Tragic Failures; Michaels, Doubt Is Their Product; and the earlier but still valuable study by McGarity and Shapiro, Workers at Risk.

^5. 5 Cf. Biddle, “Lessons from the Vioxx Debate,” 21–39; Carrier, “Values and Objectivity in Science,” 2547–68; Gray et al., “Weight of the Evidence,” 875–921.

^6. For elaboration, see Oreskes and Conway, Merchants of Doubt, passim; Mossner and Kitchener, “Knowledge, Democracy and the Internet,” 1–24.

^7. Similar to the role of linguistic reconstruction in historical analysis, see Schweizer, “Every Language Is an Archive,” 252–55.