Notes
1. See Fukuyama, The End of History.
2. Trilling, “Sermon on a Text from Whitman,” 10.
3. There is a connection with the later development of agonism in political theory. Advocates of agonism include Honig, Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics; and Connolly, The Ethos of Pluralization.
4. For an application of Camus’s ethos to American thought, see Bertolini, “Liberal Man in Cosmic Rebellion,” 97–112.
5. See, e.g., Aron, “Liberal Defense of Liberty,” 73–91.
6. Niebuhr’s unique defense of liberal democracy is well argued in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, and in Moral Man and Immoral Society.
7. Berlin’s classic work in this regard is Four Essays on Liberty.
8. See, e.g., Kahan, Aristocratic Liberalism; and Fawcett, Liberalism.
9. See Roelofs, The Poverty of American Politics; and Macpherson, Political Theory of Possessive Individualism.
10. See Kateb, The Inner Ocean; and Maslow, Farther Reaches of Human Nature.
11. See Deneen, Why Liberalism Failed.
12. See, e.g., Applebaum, Twilight of Democracy, and the articles on Putin, Xi Jin Ping, Erdogan, and Orban in the “Autocracy Now” section of Foreign Affairs 98, no. 5 (September-October 2019).
13. See, e.g., Serwer, The Cruelty is the Point.
14. Helpful in this larger sense is the work of Becker, The Denial of Death; and Fromm, Man for Himself.