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The European Legacy
Toward New Paradigms
Volume 13, 2008 - Issue 6
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Original Articles

Revisionism in the Twentieth Century: A Bankrupt Concept or Permanent Practice?

Pages 725-741 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008
 

Abstract

Written in the wake of a critical incident which the author considers worrying and yet characteristic of the times we live in, this article contends that the conflation heretofore evident between critical historical thinking (revisionism) and negationism is ultimately harmful to the historical discipline since it can serve the interests of the deniers and indirectly grant an argument to radical postmodernists who demote history to a loosely constructed form of personal fiction. On the other hand, it also eschews the belief in historical scholarship as an immiscible category demarcated by impenetrable boundaries, which is habitually associated with empirical positivism. Furthermore, it argues strongly for the introduction of a diachronic perspective in the study of revisionism not only to show the steady process of professionalization of the discipline but to disclose an often neglected or denied aspect: its contribution to the evolution of philosophical thought.

Notes

Notes

1. George Margaritis, “The Greek Civil War and Its History: The Commemorative Year 1999,” Archiotaxio 2 (2000): 137–43.

2. Desmond Fennell, “Against Revisionism,” in Interpreting Irish History, ed. Ciaran Brady (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1994), 183, 187.

3. Ernst Nolte, La guerre civile européenne, 1917–1945, Préface Stéphane Courtois (Paris: Editions des Syrtes, 2000); Renzo de Felice, Rosso e Nero (Milano: Baldini & Castoldi, 1995), or Borden W. Painter, “Renzo de Felice and the Historiography of Italian Fascism,” American Historical Review 95 (1990): 391–405.

4. Jürgen Habermas, Historikerstreit (München: Piper, 1987), 62–76.

5. Claudio Pavone, Une Guerra civile: Saggio Storico sulla moralita nella Resistenza (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1990); Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy (Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997); Robert Paxton, La France de Vichy 1940–1944 (Paris: Seuil, 1997); Eric Conan and Henry Rousso, Vichy: Un passé qui ne passe pas (Paris: Gallimard, 1996), 235–55; Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Stathis Kalyvas, “Red Terror: Leftist Violence during the Occupation,” in After the War Was Over, ed. Mark Mazower (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 142–81; Nikos Marantzidis, “Nees Taseis sti Meleti tou Emfiliou Polemou,” Ta Nea (20 March 2004).

6. Paloma Aguilar Fernandez, Mnimi ke lithi tou Ispanikou Emfyliou: Dimokratia, Diktatoria ke Diacheirisi tou Parelthontos (Irakleio: Panepistimiales Ekdoseis Kritis, 2005), 17.

7. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, new ed. (New York: Harvest Books, 1973).

8. François Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 161.

9. Sheila Fitzpatrick, “Revisionism in Soviet History,” History and Theory, Theme Issue 46 (2007): 89.

10. Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Les assassins de la mémoire (Paris: Découverte, 1987; Seuil, 1995).

11. Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought (London: Pan Books, 1982), 405.

12. Henri Dutrait-Croyon, Joseph Reinach Historien: Révision de l’histoire de l’affaire Dreyfus (Paris: A. Savaète, 1905).

13. Julien Benda, La trahison des clercs (Paris: Grasset, 1975).

14. Selig Adler, “The War-Guilt Question and American Disillusionment, 1918–1928,” Journal of Modern History 23.1 (1951): 7.

15. Fritz Fischer, Germany's Aims in the First World War (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1968).

16. Frederick A. Hale, “Fritz Fischer and the Historiography of World War One,” History Teacher 9.2 (1976): 15.

17. William Appleman Williams, “The Tragedy of American Diplomacy: Twenty Five Years After (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1988).

18. Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War (New York: Random House, 1968).

19. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., “Origins of the Cold War,” Foreign Affairs 46 (1967): 23.

20. Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Boston: Beacon, 1964).

21. A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (London: Penguin, 1991).

22. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (London: Penguin, 2006).

23. Taylor, Origins of the Second World War, 36.

24. François Furet, Penser la Révolution française (Paris: Gallimard, 1978), 27.

25. Reinhart Koselleck, L’expérience de l’histoire (Paris: Gallimard, 1997), 239.

26. Taylor, Origins of the Second World War, 36.

27. Arthur Goddard, ed., Harry Elmer Barnes, Learned Crusader (Colorado: Ralph Myles, 1968), 241.

28. Harry Elmer Barnes, A History of Historical Writing (New York: Dover, 1962), 290, 397.

29. Carl L. Becker, “Everyman His Own Historian,” American Historical Review 37 (1932): 221–36; Charles A. Beard, “Written History as an Act of Faith,” American Historical Review 39 (1934): 219–31.

30. Clyde W. Barrow, More than a Historian: The Political and Economic Thought of Charles A. Beard (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 57.

31. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The ‘Objectivity Question’ and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 158.

32. Conor Cruise O’Brien, Writers and Politics (London: Chatto & Windus, 1965), xx–xxii.

33. Furet, Penser la Révolution française, 91.

34. Allan Megill, “Jorn Rusen's Theory of Historiography between Modernism and Rhetoric of Enquiry,” History and Theory 23.1 (1994): 44.

35. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1970).

36. Edgar O’Ballance, The Greek Civil War, 1944–1949 (London: Faber, 1966), or George D. Kousoulas, Revolution and Defeat: The Story of the Greek Communist Party (London: Oxford University Press, 1965).

37. Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 (New York: Random House, 1972).

38. Olivier Wieviorka, “Rediscovering Vichy France: Paxton's Revision,” Talk given at a conference on revisionism on 9–10 November 2006 at the European University Institute, Florence, organized by the author.

39. Max Weber, Le Savant et le Politique (Paris: la Découverte, 2003), 188–93.

40. Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, 117–18.

41. Gar Alperovitz, “Hiroshima after 60 Years: The Debate Continues,” Common Dreams (3 August 2005).

42. Athanassios Alexiou, “Opposition to Revisionism,” Ta Nea (31 July–1 August 2004).

43. Daltun O Ceallaigh, Reconsiderations of Irish History and Culture (Dublin: Léirmheas, 1994), 15.

44. Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1999), 271.

45. Jürgen Habermas, The New Conservatism: Cultural Criticism and the Historians’ Debate (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1989).

46. Evi Gkotzaridis, Trials of Irish History: Genesis and Evolution of a Reappraisal (London: Routledge, 2006).

47. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Hayden White, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973).

48. Frank Rudolf Ankersmit, The Reality Effect in the Writing of History: The Dynamics of Historiographical Topology (Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche, 1989); Keith Jenkins, Why History? Ethics and Postmodernity (London: Routledge, 1999).

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