Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Ben Jaffey KC, Thomas de la Mare KC and Tim Buley KC for comments. The opinions and any errors are my own.
Notes
1 [1969] 2 AC 223, 230.
2 R (British Gas Trading Ltd) v Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero [2023] EWHC 737 (Admin).
3 [2008] UKHL 61, [2017] AC 300.
4 [2002] EWCA Civ 1409, [2002] All ER (D) 450 [50].
5 [2022] EWHC 2729 (Admin) [15].
6 [2021] EWHC 1489 (Admin), [2021] 4 WLR 92 [29].
7 [2016] EWCA Civ 416.
8 [2006] UKHL 53, [2007] 1 AC 650 [4].
9 [2005] EWCA Civ 154 [49].
10 [2023] EWHC 1838 (Admin), [2024] 1 WLR 166.
11 ibid [15].
12 See Shah v HSBC Private Bank (UK) Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 1154, [2012] Lloyd’s Rep FC 105 [22].
13 [2018] EWHC 1508 (Admin), [2018] ACD 91 [15].
14 Police Superintendents’ Association (n 10) [18].