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Abstract
We examined the nature of and factors related to adolescents’ reading difficulties in a highly transparent orthography. We compared word, pseudoword, and text reading speed and accuracy, rapid naming (RAN) and phonological processing between poor readers (n = 80) and normally developing readers (n = 189). Reading problems were manifested in reading speed and in timed pseudoword reading accuracy. RAN predicted speed, and phonological processing predicted accuracy of reading in both groups. Among poor readers, RAN also explained reading accuracy. For the normally developing sample, phonological processing also predicted reading speed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by the Ellen and Artturi Nyyssönen Foundation and Academy of Finland grant (#2106311) to Minna Torppa. We thank the adolescents who participated in this study and their teachers for helping in the data collection, Sini Huemer for her expert comments on the manuscript, Asko Tolvanen for assisting with the Mplus software, and Michael Freeman for checking the language.