Removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solution by raw, pretreated, and immobilized Pterocladia capillacea biomass

Abstract

The adsorption of Cd (II) by Pterocladia capillacea in a batch system is the topic of the current investigation. Different pH (3–8) and starting Cd (II) concentrations were examined to determine the biosorption effectiveness for Cd (II) removal (20-100 ppm), period (5–120 min), agitation rate (50–250 rpm), and dose of biomass (0.01–0.1 g/50 ml of metal solution). At ideal conditions, the highest capability for bioadsorption was 8.407 mg g⁻¹ dwt. The highest adsorption efficiency (96.047%) was attained by pretreating algal biomass using an autoclave. According to the findings, utilizing 0.1 g of alga produced the maximum removal efficiency compared to a control. Fourier transform infrared analysis of raw and processed algal biomass showed that hydroxyl, amide with hydrogen link, and carbonyl stretching before and during cadmium biosorption, carboxyl groups significantly contributed to biosorption. According to the findings, Pterocladia capillacea is an effective bioagent for removing cadmium from aqueous solutions.

Keywords:

• Biosorption
• cadmium
• immobilization
• metallic heavy pollution
• Pterocladia capillacea

Authors contributions

AE participated in research experiments, data collection, and manuscript writing; SE participate in manuscript writing processing and analysis. GAE participated in research design, supervision, and manuscript writing and editing. MME participated in research design, supervision, and final manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Ethical approval

As authors, we declare the manuscript is our original work. Thus, the arguments, ideas, points of view, innovations, and results presented in this manuscript are entirely ours, unless otherwise stated in the text.

Consent to participate

The works of other researchers, which are necessary for the demonstration of the arguments presented in this manuscript, are referenced in the text and thus enumerated with precision. Therefore, the authors declare their consent to the publication.

Consent to publish

The authors agreed to publish this manuscript for publication.

Data availability and materials statement

Available in the manuscript.