Influence of Soil Fertilization by Sewage Sludge on the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Crops

The aim of the present study was an evaluation of the influence of the addition of different sewage sludge doses on the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from fertilized soil. Sewage sludge was introduced into the soil in the following doses: 30, 75, 150, 300, and 600 Mg/ha. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was determined by means of HPLC-UV method. The addition of increasing doses of sludge into the soil resulted in a gradual increase in the amount of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contained therein. During the period of the study, continuous changes in the content of all the compounds studied were found in all the experimental variants. Finally, on the last day of the study, the highest degree of degradation (73%) of 16 PAHs' sum (US EPA) was noted for sludge doses of 30 and 300 Mg/ha. In the case of individual PAHs, the change in their content differed and clearly depended on the sewage sludge dose. The introduction of sewage sludge into the soil influenced the increase of the sum of 16 PAHs in the plants grown in this soil. The influence mentioned above depended on the sewage sludge dose and the plant species grown, as well as the PAH content in the soil. The evaluation of individual PAHs in plants showed an increase in their content with the increase of the amount of sewage sludge. A statistically significant increase in their content was most often observed for sewage sludge doses above 150 Mg/ha. Moreover, it was found that fertilization of the soil with sewage sludge resulted in pollution of the plants with PAHs of high molecular weight.

Key words:

• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
• Sewage sludge
• Organic contaminants
• PAHs uptake
• Soil fertilization.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Financial support from the State Committee for Scientific Research (MNiI, Warsaw). Project No. KBN 3 P06S 042 25 is gratefully acknowledged. P. Oleszczuk is granted by the Foundation for Polish Science.

Notes

*Na—naphthalene, Ace—acenaphthylene; Ac—acenaphthene; Fl—fluorene; Phen—phenanthrene, Ant—anthracene; Fluo—fluoranthene; Pyr—pyrene;, BaA—benzo[a]anthracene; Ch—chryzene; BbF—benzo[b]fluoranthene; BaP—benzo[a]pyrene, BghiP—benzo[ghi]perylene; Ind—indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene.

** 0 and 54—beginning and end of experiment, respectively; n.d.—not detected; ±—relative standard deviation error (RSD) [%] for n = 3 extractions.