Applying open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for measuring aerosols

Abstract

This paper examines the feasibility of using Open-Path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) to measure aerosols. The extinction spectra of water, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate aerosols were first simulated with various particle size distributions (geometric mean ranged from 2 to 10 μ m; geometric standard deviation ranged from 1.1 to 2.5) based on the Mie theory. An optimization procedure was developed to retrieve the geometric mean and standard deviation of the aerosols size distributions from the spectra, assuming that the complex refractive index is known. To test sensitivity, we also added 4%, 7%, and 10% noise levels to the spectra and compared the reconstruction results. In the experimental study, water aerosols were generated by a two-fluid nozzle inside a cylindrical chamber (3325 cm³). The extinction spectrum was collected with a modified FTIR and the size distribution information was retrieved following the same optimization procedure as the one used in the simulation study. The optimization procedure developed in this study reconstructed the size distribution reasonably well for particles with known refractive index (i.e. homogeneous or internally mixed aerosols). The results were robust with the added noise levels up to 10%, after removing inaccurate estimates with the use of the censoring criteria for reconstructed GSD < 1.3, reconstructed GM < 2.5 μ m and GSD < 1.5, and reconstructed GM > 10 μ m. With regard to externally mixed aerosols, the reconstructed results were sensitive to the noise within the measuring systems, although most ambient aerosols were internally mixed. The reconstructed size distribution in the chamber experiment had a GM of 3.85 μ m and GSD of 1.70. The simulation results were applied to support this reconstruction result. We conclude that OP-FTIR can be used to measure aerosols and screen for the right region for a more detailed aerosol measurement campaign.

Keywords:

• Particulate matter
• OP-FTIR
• extinction spectrum
• Mie theory
• Smooth Basis Function Minimization

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the National Science Council of Taiwan for financially supporting this research under contract NSC94-2320-B002-040.