Detoxification of phenol through bound residue formation by birnessite in soil: Transformation kinetics and toxicity

Abstract

Oxidative coupling reaction of phenol mediated by birnessite was studied in aqueous phase and soil. Phenol was readily transformed by birnessite and almost all phenol disappeared in both samples after 24 hours of reaction. Phenol transformation kinetics was investigated by plotting reaction time against logarithm concentrations of residual phenol, revealing that exponential decrease of phenol was evident both in aqueous phase and soil, and maximum removal rates were 2.31–2.54 times higher in the presence of soil. Reaction products of phenol were identified by LC-MS and capillary electrophoresis. In aqueous phase, polyphenols were formed by self-coupling reaction of phenoxy radicals whereas phenol was found to be present as bound residues in soil, probably due to the cross-coupling reaction between the radicals and soil organic matter. Microtox System was employed to determine the toxicity after birnessite treatment, and the toxicity of phenol-spiked solution and soil samples decreased remarkably compared to that of phenol solution before treatment.

Keywords:

• Oxidative coupling
• birnessite
• phenol
• bound residues
• toxicity

Acknowledgments

This research was mainly sponsored by Seoul R&BD Program (No. 10676). Additional financial supports were provided by the KOSEF through the AEBRC at POSTECH and by the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation (Grant No. R01-2006-000-10136-0). The authors thank the Research Institute of Engineering Science at Seoul National University for technical assistance and the SNU SIR BK21 research Program funded by Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development.

This paper was presented at the SETAC Asia/Pacific 2006 conference held at Peking University, China on September 18–20, 2006.

Notes

*Phenol concentration: aqueous phase 1, 2, 3, 4 g/L dH₂O; soil suspension 20, 40, 60, 80 mg/g soil.

*Not applicable.

**Not detected.

***Initial concentration of phenol.