An assessment of chemical and physical parameters, several contaminants including metals, and toxicity in the seven major wastewater treatment plants in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico

Abstract

Forty-eight hours acute toxicity tests were employed with Daphnia magna and Lecane quadridentata to assess the influents and effluents of the seven most important wastewater treatment plants (WTP) in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico, during the 2006 dry and rainy seasons. The WTP of the City of Aguascalientes treated 1948 Ls⁻¹. The remaining six plants treated wastewater in the range from 28 to 93 Ls⁻¹. Plants efficiently removed toxicity when Daphnia magna was used as a model organism, but performed poorly when the freshwater rotifer Lecane quadridentata was employed. It was observed that biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, phenol, methylene blue active substances (MBAS), temperature, and total suspended solids (TSS) were within the maximum allowed levels (MAL) in the effluents during the rainy season. Whereas the BOD₅, total nitrogen, total dissolved solids (TDS) and TSS showed levels greater than the MAL in effluents during the dry season. The levels of BOD, MBAS, and total nitrogen were greater than the MAL in influents. In contrast, the values of TDS and TSS in influents were above the MAL during the rainy season. In the dry season the levels of aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in influents and Fe, Mn and Pb in effluents were above the MAL. During the rainy season the levels of Mn, Cr and Hg in influents and those of Mn in effluents were above the MAL. When D. magna was used as model organism, acute toxicity units (aTU) for influents ranged from 0.2 to 4.4 and from 0.1 to 0.2 for effluents. These values for effluents are acceptable according to international guidelines. However, when L. quadridentata was the model organism, ranges were from 2.0 to 8.3 aTU in influents and from 1.6 to 2.6 aTU in effluents. The treated water that discharges into the San Pedro River would be considered toxic. The results of the toxicity tests demonstrated that the freshwater rotifer Lecane quadridentata was more sensitive (in 89.3% of the samples) than the cladoceran Daphnia magna when both organisms were exposed to the influents and effluents of the wastewater treatment plants.

Keywords:

• Metal toxicity
• acute toxicity tests
• LC50
• Daphnia magna
• Lecane quadridentata

Acknowledgments

Authors want to thank: Natural Resources and Environmental Ministry (SEMARNAT) and Science and Technology National Council (CONACyT) of Mexico for their support. FOSEMARNAT-2004-01-78 grant. F. Torres-Guzmán, gives thanks to CONACyT for the 198929 Scholarship, and to Martha Evelia Pérez Reyes, Laura Yamamoto Flores, Jenniffer López Baltazar, Samanta Ramos Gómez and Guilda Guzmán Colis, Jorge Hernández Sánchez, who are members of the Biotechnology and Environmental Studies Laboratories of the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. The help received from Ma. Guadalupe González-Maldonado a doctoral student of Mexico's Instituto Politécnico Nacional is especially appreciated.

Notes

*Values above the maximum allowed limits (MAL).

*Values above the maximum allowed limits (MAL).

*Values above the maximum allowed limits (MAL).

*Values above the maximum allowed limits (MAL).