An investigation of the effect of gastrointestinal microbial activity on oral arsenic bioavailability

Abstract

In vitro gastrointestinal (GI) microbial activity in the colon compartment facilitates the arsenic release from soils into simulated GI fluids. Consequentially, it is possible that in vitro models that neglect to include microbial activity underestimate arsenic bioaccessibility when calculating oral exposure. However, the toxicological relevance of increased arsenic release due to microbial activity is contingent upon the subsequent absorption of arsenic solubilized in the GI lumen. The objectives of this research are to: (1) assess whether microbes in the in vitro small intestine affect arsenic solubilization from soils, (2) determine whether differences in the GI microbial community result in differences in the oral bioavailability of soil-borne arsenic. In vitro GI microbial activity in the distal small intestine increased arsenic release from soils; however, these effects were unlikely to be relevant since they were transient and demonstrated small effect sizes. In vivo arsenic absorption for juvenile swine was unaffected by antibiotic treatment. Therefore, it appears that microbial effects on arsenic release do not result in increased arsenic bioavailability. However, it remains to be seen whether the results for the limited set of soils described herein can be extrapolated to arsenic contaminated sites in general.

Keywords:

• Absolute bioavailability
• arsenic
• soil contamination
• ingestion exposure
• colon microorganisms

Acknowledgments

The research described herein was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. We thank Kevin Banman, Roman Nosach and the staff at the Prairie Swine Center for their assistance conducting this project. We also thank Ellen Verbeke, Dr. Willy Verstraete, and the rest of LabMET for their efforts and very kind hospitality.