Environmental levels and human health risks of metals and PCDD/Fs near cement plants co-processing alternative fuels in Catalonia, NE Spain: a mini-review

Abstract

This paper was aimed at reviewing recent studies related with the impact on environment and human health of metals and PCDD/Fs near cement plants. It has been particularly focused on the impact of cement plants located in Catalonia, Spain, which have been monitored by our research for more than ten years. Environmental monitoring studies were performed under different cement plant conditions. While some of our studies examined temporal trends of the levels of the above indicated pollutants, the main goal of other surveys was to assess the impact of implementing alternative fuels in the facilities. Even one of the studies was performed before and after the cement plant temporally ceased its industrial activity. The impact of cement plants burning alternative fuels on the emissions of metals and PCDD/Fs elsewhere was also reviewed. Regarding the cement plants in Catalonia, no significant differences were found, neither in the long-term follow-up studies, nor when alternative fuels are used, nor when a cement plant temporally stopped its activity. These results are in agreement with those reported for several stack emissions of other cement plants working under different conditions. We conclude that emissions of metals and PCDD/Fs by cement plants working with the best available techniques (BAT), should not cause a significant negative impact neither on the surrounding environment, nor on the human health of the population living in the neighborhood.

Keywords:

• Cement plants
• alternative fuel
• environmental impact
• human health risks
• Catalonia (Spain)

Acknowledgments

J.R. received a postdoctoral fellowship from “Juan de la Cierva-incorporación” program of the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades” (IJC 2018-035126-I).

Conflicts of interest

No potential competing interest was reported by the authors.