Implications of Translesion DNA Synthesis Polymerases on Genomic Stability and Human Health

Abstract

Replication fork arrest-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) caused by lesions are effectively suppressed in cells due to the presence of a specialized mechanism, commonly referred to as DNA damage tolerance (DDT). In eukaryotic cells, DDT is facilitated through translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) carried out by a set of DNA polymerases known as TLS polymerases. Another parallel mechanism, referred to as homology-directed DDT, is error-free and involves either template switching or fork reversal. The significance of the DDT pathway is well established. Several diseases have been attributed to defects in the TLS pathway, caused either by mutations in the TLS polymerase genes or dysregulation. In the event of a replication fork encountering a DNA lesion, cells switch from high-fidelity replicative polymerases to low-fidelity TLS polymerases, which are associated with genomic instability linked with several human diseases including, cancer. The role of TLS polymerases in chemoresistance has been recognized in recent years. In addition to their roles in the DDT pathway, understanding noncanonical functions of TLS polymerases is also a key to unraveling their importance in maintaining genomic stability. Here we summarize the current understanding of TLS pathway in DDT and its implication for human health.

Keywords:

• DNA damage
• genomic instability
• DNA damage tolerance
• translesion synthesis
• TLS polymerases
• human diseases

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization, A.B., T.K.P.; methodology, A.B., A.D., J.V., and G.L.; writing—original draft preparation, J.V., and G.L.; writing – review and editing, A.B., A.D., T.K.P., K.M.B and W.X.; visualization, A.B., and A.D.; supervision, A.B.; project administration, A.B. and A.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Data sharing not applicable – no new data generated.

Additional information

Funding

A.B acknowledges the financial support from Indian Council of Medical Research (grant nos. 5/10/15/CAR-SMVDU/2018-RBMCH and 6719/2020-DDl/BMS) and A.D acknowledges the financial support from Indian Council of Medical Research (grant no. 6719/2020-DDl/BMS).