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Articles

Canada's Arctic Council chairmanship (2013–2015): a post-mortem

Pages 84-96 | Published online: 10 May 2016
 

Abstract

On 15 May 2013, Canada assumed the two-year chairmanship of the Arctic Council, an intergovernmental forum established in 1996 that addresses common issues faced by Arctic states and indigenous peoples in the areas of environmental protection and sustainable development. The Canadian chairmanship disappointed many. By Arctic Council standards, it was controversial, in particular as regarded its focus on development, its hard line with Russia, and its difficult style of management under Minister for the Arctic Council Leona Aglukkaq. Based on its activity and outcomes, however, the Canadian chairmanship can be described as a success. Its achievements include the establishment of an Arctic Economic Council; the conclusion of framework action plans on reducing black carbon and methane emissions and preventing marine oil pollution; and many other projects, reports and institutional improvements led by the six Working Groups, three Task Forces and Permanent Secretariat. In outlining the 2013–2015 Canadian Arctic Council's defining events and outcomes, and documenting the perceptions held by relevant observers and stakeholders, this article concludes that while the Canadian agenda had merit, and the Arctic Council itself achieved a number of important outcomes, the Canadian chairmanship provoked deserved criticism and undermined Canada's reputation in the region.

Résumé

Le 15 mai 2013, le Canada a assumé la présidence du Conseil de l'Arctique, un forum intergouvernemental établi en 1996 pour le traitement des problèmes communs aux pays et aux peuples autochtones de l'Arctique, dans les domaines de la protection environnementale et du développement durable. La présidence du Canada en aura déçu plus d'un. Selon les normes du Conseil de l'Arctique, elle était controversée, en particulier à cause de sa focalisation sur le développement, sa ligne dure vis-à-vis de la Russie et son style de gestion difficile sous la responsabilité de la ministre Leona Aglukkak. On peut tout de même décrire la présidence du Canada comme un succès, en se référant aux activités et aux résultats du pays alors qu'il jouait ce rôle. Ses réalisations comprennent l’établissement du conseil économique de l'Arctique; la conclusion d'un plan-cadre pour la réduction des émissions de noir de carbone et de méthane, et la prévention de la pollution des eaux marines par les produits pétroliers; et de nombreux autres projets, rapports et améliorations des institutions, orientés par les six groupes de travail, les trois forces opérationnelles et le Secrétariat Permanent. En mettant l'accent sur les événements et les résultats qui ont défini le Conseil de l'Arctique canadien de 2013-2015, et en rendant compte des perceptions des observateurs et des acteurs concernés, cet article conclut que si le programme canadien a eu un certain mérite et que le Conseil de l'Arctique lui-même a atteint un nombre d'objectifs importants, la présidence canadienne a provoqué des critiques qui se justifiaient, et sapé la réputation du Canada dans la région.

Notes

1. For more on the Murmansk speech, see Purver (Citation1988) and Atland (Citation2008).

2. For a more comprehensive review of the establishment of the Arctic Council, see Bloom (Citation1999) and Keskitalo (Citation2004).

3. The rotation lasted 17 years, not 16, as Norway held its 2006–2009 Chairmanship for an extended period due to scheduling conflicts in holding a Ministerial.

4. For a concise overview of the IMO Polar Code, see Brigham (Citation2014).

5. Each Arctic Council Ministerial produces a Ministerial Declaration, named after the host community, that outlines the Chairmanship's achievements and deliverables, and the Council's objectives going forward (Arctic Council Citation2013a, p. 39).

6. The author put out requests to the Canadian SAO chair, Vincent Rigby, and the three Canadian Permanent Participants for comment; however, none responded.

7. A compendium of formal remarks from the Iqaluit Ministerial is available from Arctic Council (Citation2015b).

8. See the Arctic Council's searchable compilation of all Ministerial Declarations (Arctic Council Citationn.d.).

9. Arctic Council (2015, p. 5), and confirmed to the author in private conversations.

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