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Articles

Army culture(s)

Pages 173-183 | Published online: 25 May 2016
 

Abstract

There is little doubt that culture is the “secret sauce” that allows some armies to perform at a remarkably higher level than others. However, soldiers are not only members of an army; they are also part of a government bureaucracy and citizens of a state. This paper considers the effect of national, government and army cultures on the Canadian Army during coalition operations of the 1990s and 2000s. The paper argues that as a liberal and relatively non-corrupt country, Canada’s national culture created stresses in coalitions where partner militaries permitted illegal activities and did not respect women soldiers. Canadian government culture affected operations through its lack of experience and concern for military matters and low strategic analysis capacity. Canadian troops were deployed without adequate resources on missions with poorly defined objectives. Canadian Army culture – oriented to mechanized combat operations – supported strong operational performance and effective links with American, British and French partners. However, it created great internal stresses in stability operations where soldiers witnessed atrocities but could not intervene. The paper questions whether current levels of cultural training within the Army can be effective given competition with other training requirements and the short duration of field assignments.

Résumé

Il ne fait guère de doute que la culture est la « potion magique » qui permet à certaines armées d'être performantes à un niveau sensiblement plus élevé que d'autres. Cependant, les soldats ne sont pas uniquement les membres d'une armée ; ils font aussi partie de la bureaucratie d'un gouvernement et des citoyens d'un État. Cet article examine l'effet des cultures nationale, gouvernementale et militaire sur les forces armées canadiennes au cours des opérations de la coalition dans les années 90 et 2000. Il fait valoir qu'en tant que pays libéral et relativement non-corrompu, le Canada a vu sa culture nationale être source de tensions au sein de ces coalitions, dont les partenaires militaires toléraient certaines activités illégales et faisaient preuve de non-respect vis-à-vis des militaires de sexe féminin. La culture gouvernementale canadienne a affecté les opérations par son manque d'expérience dans les questions militaires et d'intérêt pour elles, et sa faible capacité d'analyse stratégique. Les troupes canadiennes ont été déployées sans ressources adéquates pour des missions dont les objectifs étaient mal définis. La culture de l'Armée canadienne – orientée vers le combat mécanisé – a soutenu une forte performance opérationnelle et des liens efficaces avec les partenaires américains, britanniques et français. Cependant, elle a créé de fortes tensions internes dans les opérations de stabilisation au cours desquelles les soldats ont assisté à des atrocités sans pouvoir intervenir. L'article s'interroge sur l'efficacité des niveaux actuels de formation culturelle au sein de l'Armée, étant donné l'existence d'une concurrence avec d'autres exigences de formation et la courte durée des affectations sur le terrain.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. Isaiah 2:2-4, as but one biblical reference to this term.

2. For an overview of mission planning in the 1990s, see Kasurak (Citation2013, pp. 217–252).

3. There are internal barriers to minority recruitment such as the need for extensive security checks for all recruits with relatives overseas outside of a few “safe” (and white) countries. Foreign security agencies may not be cooperative in providing police checks on their nationals. The US services graduate security checks to the sensitivity of the job and allow foreign nationals to serve.

4. Just as interesting is the assumption that the public thinks peacekeeping is the only role of the Canadian military. This is the favorite straw man of the “warfighter” advocates.

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