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Articles

From humane to responsible: Stephen Harper, narrative and Canadian foreign policy

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Pages 239-256 | Published online: 18 Nov 2019
 

ABSTRACT

Shortly after coming to power in October 2015, Justin Trudeau declared that Canada was “back”, that the last decade under Stephen Harper in which Canada “lost its compassionate and constructive voice in the world” was over. Trudeau was going to return Canada to the “general continuity” in Canada’s approach to international relations which characterized the 1945–2006 period and was broken by the Harper government when it took office. This paper will demonstrate that the Harper government attempted to shift the ethical concerns of the Canadian government from a focus on collective concerns of international society to one which prioritized self-reliance and self-responsibility. More specifically, Stephen Harper advanced a narrative – personal responsibility internationalism – which challenged the internationalist narrative which had been subscribed to and supported by the “bipartisan consensus” of both Liberal and Conservative governments in the post-war period. The argument will be developed in three parts. The first section discusses narratives and the role they play in guiding a state’s foreign policy. The next two sections examine humane internationalism and personal responsibility internationalism, outlining their main tenets, tracing their origins and discussing briefly some of the ways they have been reflected in the practice of Canadian foreign policy.

RÉSUMÉ

Peu après son arrivée au pouvoir en octobre 2015, Justin Trudeau a déclaré que le Canada était « de retour », que la décennie passée sous Stephen Harper, durant laquelle le Canada « a perdu sa voix compatissante et constructive dans le monde », était terminée. Trudeau allait ramener le Canada à la « continuité générale » de l'approche canadienne des relations internationales, caractérisant la période 1945-2006 et ayant été interrompue par le gouvernement Harper lors de son entrée en fonction. Cet article vise à démontrer que le gouvernement Harper a tenté de faire glisser les préoccupations d'ordre éthique du gouvernement canadien, d'une focalisation sur les préoccupations collectives de la société internationale, à une focalisation privilégiant l'autosuffisance et l'auto-responsabilité. Plus précisément, Stephen Harper a promu un récit - l'internationalisme de la responsabilité personnelle - remettant en question le récit internationaliste qui avait été souscrit et soutenu par le « consensus bipartite » des gouvernements libéraux et conservateurs dans l'ère de l'après-guerre. Trois parties composent l'argumentation. La première traite des récits et du rôle joué par eux dans l'orientation d'un État en matière de politique étrangère. Les deux suivantes examinent l'internationalisme humain et celui de la responsabilité personnelle, en mettant l'accent sur leurs principes fondamentaux, en retraçant leurs origines et en abordant brièvement les différentes manières dont ils ont été reflétés dans la pratique de la politique étrangère canadienne.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes on contributor

Paul Gecelovsky has held teaching positions at Western University, the University of Lethbridge and the University of Windsor. His work has been published in International Journal, American Review of Canadian Studies and Études Internationales, among others. Thanks goes to Duane Bratt, Steve Brooks, Tom Keating, Bob Murray, Kim Nossal and thee anonymous reviewers for their comments.

Correction Statement

This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

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