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Original Articles

Shrub densification heterogeneity in subarctic regions: the relative influence of historical and topographic variables

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Pages 83-95 | Received 03 Oct 2014, Accepted 24 Sep 2015, Published online: 16 Nov 2015
 

ABSTRACT

Expansion of shrub species is widely reported in northern regions, although its extent varies across the landscape. In subarctic Québec (Canada), where dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa Michx) is the main species responsible for shrub expansion, little is known about the causes and consequences of this phenomenon. This study aims to identify the drivers of dwarf birch densification heterogeneity at the landscape level and to evaluate its influence on other shrub species. We used model selection with Akaike’s information criterion to rank ecologically relevant models including topographic, historical and edaphic variables. The influence of dwarf birch densification was evaluated through regression analysis. We found that the best model explaining the heterogeneity in dwarf birch densification in western Nunavik includes factors related to both historical conditions (initial shrub cover, time elapsed since last wildfire) and topography (type of environment). Among these factors, only the initial shrub cover had a significant positive influence on the shrub densification. Increase in dwarf birch cover was found to negatively influence the cover of other shrub species. However, no relation was found between dwarf birch densification and other shrub species richness, suggesting that the densification did not yet lead to the exclusion of less competitive species.

RÉSUMÉ

Bien qu’une densification de la strate arbustive soit fréquemment observée dans les régions nordiques, son ampleur varie à l’échelle du paysage. Au Québec subarctique (Canada), où le bouleau glanduleux (Betula glandulosa Michx.) est la principale espèce responsable de ce phénomène, les causes et les conséquences de la densification de la strate arbustive sont méconnues. Cette étude a pour objectifs d’identifier les facteurs environnementaux expliquant l’hétérogénéité de la densification du bouleau glanduleux et d’en évaluer l’influence sur les autres espèces arbustives. Nous avons utilisé la sélection de modèles avec critère d’information d’Akaike pour classer différents modèles écologiques incluant des variables topographiques, historiques et édaphiques. L’influence de la densification du bouleau glanduleux a été évaluée à l’aide de régressions linéaires. Le modèle le plus plausible pour expliquer l’hétérogénéité de la densification du bouleau glanduleux incluait des variables historiques (couvert arbustif initial, temps écoulé depuis le dernier feu) et une variable topographique (type d’environnement). Parmi ces facteurs, seul le couvert initial d’arbustes avait une influence significative et positive sur la densification arbustive. Une augmentation du couvert de bouleau glanduleux a eu une influence négative sur le couvert des autres espèces arbustives. Cependant, aucune relation n’a été trouvée entre la densification du bouleau glanduleux et la richesse spécifique en espèces arbustives, suggérant que la densification n’est pas suffisante pour exclure d’autres espèces moins compétitives.

NOMENCLATURE:

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Marie-Pier Denis, Sandra Angers-Blondin and Caroline Mercier for their assistance in the field. They are also grateful to Émilie Saulnier-Talbot for English revision, to Christian Tardif for the help with the data management and to the reviewers for their valuable comments.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplemental material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at

Table SI presents environmental information, B. glandulosa cover in 1957 and B. glandulosa cover change (densification) between 1957 and 2008 for the 59 sites (33 terraces, 26 hilltops) surveyed in the Boniface River region, western Nunavik, Québec. The age of one site is the time elapsed since the last wildfire, whereas the shrub mean height is used as an estimation of the minimum snow depth.

Notes

2. See http://www.r-project.org/ (accessed August 2014).

Additional information

Funding

This project was financially supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Fonds de Recherche Québec – Nature et Technologies, by the Northern Scientific Training Program and by the Northern Research Chair on Disturbance Ecology.

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