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Original Articles

Dispersal of bryophytes and ferns is facilitated by small mammals in the boreal forest

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Pages 67-76 | Received 27 May 2016, Accepted 09 Sep 2016, Published online: 03 Nov 2016
 

ABSTRACT

Bryophytes and pteridophytes are important contributors to ecosystem services in boreal regions. Abiotic agents are considered their main dispersers, but recent studies suggest that biotic agents including invertebrates, birds and large mammals might also be efficient dispersal agents. Dispersal of cryptogams by ground-dwelling small mammals is often assumed to occur, but has yet to be demonstrated. In this study, we present the first evidence of boreal cryptogam species being dispersed by ground-dwelling small mammals. In 2013 and 2014, we recorded bryophyte cover and fern presence in 35 sites in black spruce forest. We also collected diaspores by brushing the fur of 99 ground-dwelling small mammals live-trapped in the same sites. Diaspores were then germinated on nutrient agar for six months. Viable diaspores of five bryophyte species and one fern species were successfully grown. No association was found between the cryptogam community sampled on site and the diaspore community grown on artificial substrate. Unlike abiotic agents that randomly disperse cryptogams, small mammals are more likely to transport diaspores to suitable substrates where microhabitat requirements for germination are met. Our results highlight the need to consider a broad spectrum of dispersal agents when focusing on the community dynamics of cryptogams.

RÉSUMÉ

Les cryptogames (bryophytes et ptéridophytes) représentent une composante fondamentale des régions boréales, et leur dispersion à moyenne et longue distances dépend principalement d’agents abiotiques. Des études récentes suggèrent pourtant l’importance d’agents biotiques tels que les invertébrés, les oiseaux et les grands mammifères comme vecteur de dispersion. La dispersion des cryptogames par les micromammifères est régulièrement admise mais n’a encore jamais été formellement examinée. Dans cette étude, nous présentons la première preuve tangible du transport des cryptogames boréaux par des micromammifères. Au cours des étés 2013 et 2014, nous avons estimé le couvert des bryophytes et la présence des fougères (communauté in situ) dans 35 sites en pessière noire à mousses. Nous avons brossé le pelage de 99 micromammifères de cinq espèces différentes capturés vivants dans les mêmes sites. Le matériel végétal collecté a été mis à germer durant six mois sur un gel nutritif d’agar. Nous avons observé la germination de cinq espèces de bryophytes et d’une espèce de fougère. Nous n’avons trouvé aucune association entre la communauté de cryptogames in situ présente dans les sites et la communauté germée sur un substrat artificiel. Contrairement à la dispersion aléatoire par des agents abiotiques, la dispersion par les micromammifères est plus susceptible de transporter les diaspores vers des substrats propices à leur germination. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance de considérer une vaste gamme d’agents de dispersion lors de l’étude des dynamiques des communautés de cryptogames.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Pierre Martineau for confirming fern identifications, and Dominique Fauteux for lending photographs of small mammals. The authors thank all of the field and laboratory assistants who provided logistical support, and helped in collecting the samples and growing the bryophytes.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The work was supported by Fonds de Recherche du Quebec–Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) [grant 2013-FM-170582]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [NSERC CRD 428686-11 Bergeron].

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