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Research Article

Rapid broadleave encroachment in a temperate bog induces species richness increase and compositional turnover

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Pages 283-300 | Received 04 Jan 2021, Accepted 21 Mar 2021, Published online: 21 Apr 2021
 

ABSTRACT

Numerous temperate peatlands are currently experiencing an accelerated process of woody encroachment. Such encroachment may have harmful impacts on peatland biodiversity and functions. Our objective was to investigate the recent history of woody encroachment in a temperate bog using plant macrofossil, testate amoeba, aerial photograph analyses, and plant inventories. We also explored some plausible triggering drivers of the phenomenon and its impacts on plant richness, composition, and beta diversity. We showed that the recent woody encroachment was mainly associated with the native Betula populifolia and the exotic Frangula alnus. It began in the 1960s at the bog margins following a decrease in the water table and recurrent fire events, both likely associated with agricultural activities in the surrounding catchment. We found an increase in species richness with tree cover and basal area, but no effect of tree encroachment on beta diversity. Still, we found a significant compositional turnover from light-demanding bog specialists to terrestrial, exotic or ruderal species with tree basal area. It seems unlikely that the bog will naturally come back to its previous unforested state on a human life’s timescale as the observed changes are related to regional factors rather than in situ disturbance.

Résumé

Plusieurs tourbières de biomes tempérés connaissent un processus accéléré de boisement pouvant avoir des conséquences néfastes sur leur biodiversité et fonctions écologiques. Notre objectif était d’étudier l’histoire récente du boisement d’une tourbière à l’aide d’inventaires floristiques et d’analyses de photographies aériennes, macrofossiles et de thécamoebiens. Nous avons aussi exploré certains facteurs potentiels à l’origine du phénomène et ses impacts sur la richesse, la composition et la diversité bêta des communautés floristiques. Le boisement est principalement associé au Betula populifolia indigène et à l’exotique Frangula alnus. Il s’est amorcé dans les années 1960 après une diminution de la nappe phréatique et des feux récurrents, tous deux probablement associés aux activités agricoles au sein du bassin versant. Nous avons trouvé une augmentation de la richesse floristique avec le couvert arboré et la surface terrière, mais aucun effet du couvert arboré sur la diversité bêta. On observe toutefois un changement de composition significatif allant des plantes spécialistes des tourbières vers des espèces terrestres, exotiques ou rudérales avec la surface terrière. Il semble improbable que la tourbière revienne naturellement à son état non boisé à l’échelle d’une vie humaine, car les changements sont liés à des facteurs régionaux plutôt qu’à des perturbations in situ.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank A. Loiselle (Université de Montréal), N. Rivard (Sépaq), N. Pelletier (Université de Montréal) and M. Bourgon Desroches (Université Laval) for their technical contributions, S. Daigle (University de Montréal) for statistical advice, and K. Grislis for linguistic revision. Thoughtful comments from H. Asselin (Editor-in-Chief) and two anonymous reviewers were greatly appreciated.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (Sépaq - Mont-Saint-Bruno National Park).

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