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Research Article

Decline in common milkweed along roadsides around Ottawa, Canada

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Pages 25-37 | Received 07 Dec 2020, Accepted 03 Jun 2021, Published online: 07 Jul 2021
 

ABSTRACT

Over the past two decades, monarch butterfly populations have been declining. This decline has been partly attributed to the extensive loss of breeding habitat through the reduction of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca, the larval host plant) through herbicides. While the decline of milkweed has been well documented in the US, less is known about its decline in Canada. To take a first step in quantifying its potential decline, we compared roadside milkweed abundance at sites around Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in 2018, to a county-wide estimate of milkweed abundance in 1943 and 1944. We also evaluated the effect of roadside characteristics on milkweed abundance at these sites. Current milkweed density in the Ottawa region is 33–86% lower than it was 75 years ago. We found milkweed at 67% of our 100 sites and found less milkweed at sites with a higher number of lanes in the road adjacent to the roadside. Interestingly, mowing indices were not significant predictors of milkweed abundance. Here we document the first quantitative evidence for milkweed decline over the past 75 years in Canada, which has likely contributed to the decline of breeding monarchs in Canada.

RÉSUMÉ

Les populations de papillons monarques ont décliné au cours des deux dernières décennies. Ce déclin a été en partie attribué à la perte d’habitat de reproduction due à la diminution de l’asclépiade commune (Asclepias syriaca, la plante hôte de la larve) en raison de l’utilisation d’herbicides. Alors que le déclin de l’asclépiade a été bien documenté aux États-Unis, ce n’est pas le cas au Canada. Comme première étape de quantification du déclin potentiel de l’asclépiade, nous avons comparé l’abondance d’asclépiade en 2018 en bordure de route à des sites dans les environs d’Ottawa (Ontario, Canada) à une estimation à l’échelle du comté réalisée en 1943 et 1944. Nous avons aussi évalué les effets des caractéristiques des bordures de routes sur l’abondance d’asclépiade. La densité actuelle d’asclépiade dans la région d’Ottawa est de 33 à 86% plus faible qu’il y a 75 ans. Nous avons trouvé de l’asclépiade à 67% de nos 100 sites et nous en avons trouvé moins aux sites avec un plus grand nombre de voies sur les routes adjacentes aux bordures échantillonnées. Il est intéressant de noter que les indices de fauchage n’étaient pas des prédicteurs significatifs de l’abondance d’asclépiade. Nous avons présenté la première quantification du déclin de l’asclépiade au Canada au cours des derniers 75 ans, qui a vraisemblablement contribué au déclin des monarques reproducteurs.

Acknowledgments

We thank S. Gilmour and S. Foster for their help with the milkweed surveys and the National Collection of Vascular Plants (DAO; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) for access to, and Kelsey Joustra (DAO) for her assistance with, the archival material.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed here.

Additional information

Funding

HMK was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant.

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