Evidence for the association of cellular iron loss in nitric oxide‐induced apoptosis of hl‐60 cells: Involvement of p38 kinase, c‐jun N‐terminal kinase, cytochrome c release, and caspases pathways

Abstract

Nitric oxide has high affinity for iron, and thus it can cause intracellular iron loss. We tested the idea that intracellular iron can be the primary target of NO toxicity by comparing the signaling mechanisms involved in cell death caused by iron depletion and that caused by NO. Treatment of HL‐60 cells with a NO donor, S‐nitroso‐ o‐N‐acetyl‐DL‐penicillamine (SNAP), decreased the intracellular iron level rapidly as that observed with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). Iron chelators such as DFO and mimosine could induce death of human leukemic HL‐60 cells by a mechanism requiring activation of p38 kinase, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, caspase‐3 and caspase‐8. DFO and SNAP also caused release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Inhibition of p38 kinase by a selective inhibitor, SB203580, abolished the NO and DFO‐induced cell death, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase‐3 and caspase‐8, thus indicating that p38 kinase lies upstream in the cell death processes. In a parallel situation, the cells that are sensitive to NO showed similar sensitivity to DFO. Moreover, simultaneous addition of ferric citrate, an iron‐containing compound, inhibited the SNAP and DFO‐induced activation of caspases and also blocked the NO‐mediated cell cycle arrest at G₁ phase. Collectively, our data implicate that the NO‐induced cell death of tumor cells including HL‐60 cells is mediated by depletion of iron and further suggest that activation of p38 kinase lies upstream of cytochrome c release and caspase activation involved in this apoptotic process.

Key words:

• Nitric oxide
• Iron
• p38 kinase
• c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase
• Caspase‐3
• Caspase‐8

Notes

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