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Acta Botanica Gallica
Botany Letters
Volume 146, 1999 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

Examples of seed dispersal by entomochory

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Pages 145-156 | Published online: 27 Apr 2013
 

Summary

For millions of years, day and night, year after year, fruits and seeds have migrated across the globe, ensuring the survival of genera and species. And only in this way will future generations continue to do so. Plants which reproduce themselves with seeds are currently the most widespread on the planet. A thorough analysis of the “microcosm” of insects has shown that, in addition to ants, many other insects habitually transport from one place to another small seeds and fruits, less than a gram in weight, contributing in this way to the dispersal of plants. Some do so unconsciously, transporting diaspores, some of which have hooks. These attach themselves to the insect's body and later fall to the ground, allowing new plants to germinate some distance from the original plant. Other insects transport a number of seeds to underground nests—similar to ants—where these may germinate. Scarabaeoids which are found in sandy areas and live on excrement have a considerable role in this process; these insects are instrumental in the dispersal and germination of seeds, burying them with dung. It is likely that grassland termites also aid Poaceae dispersal. The study of entomochorous seeds and fruits draws attention to the fact that elaiosomes are often present and therefore; in this case, dispersal by non-Formicidae insects is of secondary importance.

Résumé

Outre les fourmis, beaucoup d'insectes ont l'habitude de transporter d'un lieu à l'autre de petites graines et des fruits d'un poids inférieur à quelques grammes, contribuant ainsi à la dispersion des plantes supérieures. Quelques insectes le font à leur insu: ils transportent accrochées à leur corps de petites diaspores (certaines étant pourvues de crochets) qui tombent ensuite sur le sol, favorisant ainsi la germination de nouvelles plantes loin de la plante-mère. Comme le font les fourmis, d'autres insectes transportent dans leurs nids souterrains beaucoup de graines qui germent alors au milieu du nid. Remarquable est le rôle joué par les Scarabéidés qui se nourrissent d'excréments dans les lieux sableux où ils vivent; ces insectes contribuent à la dispersion et à la germination de graines qu'ils enterrent avec les excréments. Probablement, aussi les termites, qui vivent dans les zones herbeuses, favorisent la dispersion des Poaceae. L'observation des graines et des fruits entomochores met en évidence qu'il y a souvent des élaïosomes et alors la dispersion par les insectes non- Formicidae est secondaire.

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