Competing Visions Past and Present for Latin America and the Caribbean

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Notes

^1. Brian Loveman, No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere Since 1776, Chapel Hill, The University of Carolina Press, 2010, p. 13.

^2. Ibid., p. 14.

^3. Ibid.

^4. Ibid., p. 43.

^5. Ibid., p. 56.

^6. Ibid.

^7. Ibid., p. 27.

^8. Ibid., p. 98.

^9. Ibid.

^10. Fermín Toro Jiménez, Historia Diplomática de Venezuela, 1810–1830, Volumen 1, Caracas, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 2008, p. 376.

^11. Germán A. de la Reza (Comp.), Documentos sobre el Congreso Anfictiónico de Panamá, Caracas, Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho y Banco Central de Venezuela, 2010, pp. 220–225 and Gustavo Vargas Martínez, ‘Simón Bolívar’, Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango del Banco de la República - Bogotá, Colombia, http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/biografias/bolisimo.htm, accessed 19 September 2013.

^12. Sheldon B Liss, Diplomacy and Dependency: Venezuela, the United States, and The Americas, North Carolina, Documentary Publications, Salisbury, 1978, p. 11.

^13. Loveman, No Higher Law, p. 104.

^14. Ibid., pp. 272–273.

^15. Ibid., pp. 345, 363.

^16. Ibid., pp. 380–381.

^17. Ibid., p. 394.

^18. Stephen G. Rabe, The Killing Zone: The United States Wages Cold War in Latin America, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 2.

^19. Ibid.

^20. Ibid.

^21. Bolívar quoted in David Bushnell, Simón Bolívar: Liberation and Disappointment, New York, Longman, 2004, p. 85.

^22. Simón Bolívar, ‘Letter to Baptis Irvine, Agent of the United States of America to Venezuela: Debating Neutral Rights, 20 August 1818’ in Simón Bolívar, El Libertador: Writings of Simón Bolívar, David Bushnell (ed.), trans. Frederick H. Fornoff, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 157.

^23. Judith Ewell, Venezuela and the United States: From Monroe's Hemisphere to Petroleum's Empire, Athens, University of Georgia Press, 1996, p. 28. Ewell adds: ‘Whether it was through the U.S. show of force or [Vice President Francisco Antonio] Zea's relative mildness, Perry gained more satisfaction than Irving had. Zea agreed to pay an indemnity for the two vessels only, citing the corsair regulations, which allowed seizure of illegal goods but not the ships that carried them. The United States continued to press for indemnities for the cargos as well, and in September 1819 Venezuela accepted the claim for the noncontraband cargo of one ship’. According to Venezuelan historian Vicente Lecuna, the entire mission by Perry was the ‘first of many acts of force which have victimized our defenseless countries, and the first act of weakness of our lamentable diplomacy’. Ibid., pp. 28–29. For the entire correspondence between Bolívar and Irvine see Simón Bolívar y Juan Bautista Irvine, Constancia Histórica: Venezuela Vs USA, Presentación de Ricardo C. Pardo, Bogotá, Fundación para la Investigación y la Cultura, 2007.

^24. Rabe, The Killing Zone, p. 5.

^25. Ibid., p. 9.

^26. Daniel C. Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, Boulder, Westview Press, 1991, p. 33.

^27. See Stephen Rabe, The Road to OPEC: The United States Relations with Venezuela, 1919–1976, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1982 and Stephen G. Rabe, U.S. Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

^28. Rabe, The Killing Zone, p. 37.

^29. Ibid., p. 43.

^30. Ibid., p. 85.

^31. Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onis, The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress, Chicago, A Twentieth Century Study, 1970, p. 309. For a list of the Alliance's objectives see pp. 352–355.

^32. Rabe, The Killing Zone, 194.

^33. Jeffery R. Webber and Barry Carr (eds.), The New Latin American Left: Cracks in the Empire, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2013, p. 2.

^34. Ibid., pp. 2–3.

^35. Ibid., p. 4.

^36. Ibid., p. 16.

^37. Ibid., p. 63.

^38. Ibid., p. 66.

^39. Ibid., p. 121.

^40. Ibid., p. 199 and Virginia Lopez, ‘Rafael Ramírez: Venezuela's oilman finds more reserves for the colonel’, The Guardian, 18 August 2011. This information notes that López ‘takes Venezuela's reserves to 297bn—close to 20% of the world's oil—and leapfrogs it over Saudi Arabia on 265bn’.

^41. Webber and Carr (eds.), The New Latin American Left, p. 266.

^42. Renaud Lambert, ‘Brazil looms larger’, Le Monde diplomatique, June 2013, http://mondediplo.com/2013/06/08latinam, accessed 19 September 2013.

^43. Ibid.

^44. Ibid.

^45. Ibid.