Irrigation projects in Ethiopia: what can be done to enhance effectiveness under ‘challenging contexts’?

Abstract

Investment in small scale irrigation (SSI) is crucial to sustain food security and livelihoods of smallholders. In Ethiopia, the government and development partners show a growing interest in developing irrigation projects. The success of irrigation projects is determined by governance and socio-cultural contexts. Yet the lack of thorough understanding of the challenging contexts undermines the efforts to achieve sustainability outcomes in irrigation projects. This article identifies the challenging contexts to irrigation projects, examines how the challenging contexts influence the effectiveness of irrigation projects, and indicates ways of improving the effectiveness of irrigation projects under the existing challenging contexts. Data were collected between April and December 2011 in three regional states of Ethiopia using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The lack of governance capacity and accountability are critical challenges for the sustainability of the irrigation projects. In addition, the poor consideration of local knowledge and the use of top-down approaches in planning and implementing the irrigation projects, and lack of equitable access to the irrigation schemes result in poor ownership of projects among farmers. Improving the funding scheme to support long-term capacity building at national and local levels, and in understanding the socio-cultural contexts of the intervention areas; planning irrigation projects with due consideration of the existing challenging contexts, and with active engagement of the local community, are important for the long-term viability and sustainability of irrigation projects.

Keywords:

• Ethiopia
• governance
• institution
• irrigation
• livelihoods
• sustainability

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all the participants for their time and kind cooperation. Furthermore, I would like to thank Katherine Snyder, Doug Merrey, and Terry Clayton for their valuable comments on earlier drafts, and Yenenesh Abebe for mapping the study areas.

Notes

1. Wereda is an administrative region comprising a number of villages (approximately 20 kebeles). Wereda is often used as synonym with district.

2. Kebele (tabia in Tigray) refers to the lowest administrative level.

Additional information

Funding

The study was conducted under Challenging Contexts project, which was funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.