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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1. Jansen and Lässig, Refugee Crises, 1945–2000; Gatrell, The Making of the Modern Refugee.
2. Skran, Refugees in Inter-War Europe; Haddad, The Refugee in International Society.
3. Taylor, Refugees in Twentieth Century Britain: A History; Bailkin, Unsettled: Refugee Camps and the Making of Multicultural Britain; Poutros, Umkämpftes Asyl; Neumann, Across the Seas: Australia’s Response to Refugees, a History.
4. Madokoro, Elusive Refuge; Chatty, Displacement and Dispossession; Shadle, “Refugees in African History”; Jubilut, Espinoza, and Mezzanotti, Latin America and Refugee Protection.
5. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, et al., eds. The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies; Zetter, “Labelling Refugees”; Ludwig, “Wiping the Refugee Dust”; Gatrell, “Refugees and Economic Migrants”; Esch, “Refugees and Migrants.”
6. Hamlin, Crossing.
7. Balint, Destination Elsewhere; Cohen, In War’s Wake.
8. Janssen, “The Republic of Refugees”; Lachenicht, ‘Refugees and Refugee Protection.”
9. Siegelbaum and Moch, Broad is My Native Land; Banko, Nowak, and Gatrell, “What is Refugee History, Now?”; Albert Scherr, “Probleme und Perspektiven.”
10. Her first monograph concentrated on France in the early nineteenth century. Diaz, Un asil pour tous les peoples? Marrus, The Unwanted; Ther, The Outsiders.
11. This distinction does not allow for other displacement, such as followed the suppression of the slave uprising on the Berbice River, Guyana, in 1764, when hundreds of rebels and their dependants returned to face the terrible vengeance of slaveholders. Kars, Blood on the River, 226–30.
12. Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles.
13. Blaufarb, Bonapartists in the Borderlands.
14. Marrus, The Unwanted, 18.
15. Papiez, “Adampol/Polonezköy.”
16. Hamed-Troyansky, Empire of Refugees.
17. Hillis, Utopia’s Discontents.
18. Rodogno, Night on Earth.
19. Gatrell and Zhvanko, Europe on the Move.
20. Jenkinson, Belgian Refugees.
21. Gousseff, L’exil russe; Kévonian, Réfugiés et diplomatie humanitaire; Kunth, Exils arméniens; Abrahamyan, “Citizen Strangers.”
22. Yıldırım, Diplomacy and Displacement, 146.
23. Johnson, International Tramps.
24. Qualls, Stalin’s Niños.
25. Bouman, The Refugee Problem.
26. Kalter, Postcolonial People; Eyerman and Sciortino, The Cultural Trauma of Decolonization.
27. Bargel, La fabrique frontalière.
28. Noiriel, Réfugiés et sans-papiers; Burgess, Refugees, 145–74.
29. See Angoustures, Kévonian, and Mouradian, Réfugiés et apatrides.
30. See also Akoka, “France.” Akoka notes the lack of international interest in the fate of Rohingya refugees who fled persecution in Burma in 1978.
31. Hopgood, Keepers of the Flame.
32. Akoka was able to examine around 100 case files, most of them rejections of asylum seekers from Eastern Europe, but that other files were still being arranged for ease of access by researchers and members of the public. Karen Akoka, email to Peter Gatrell, June 13, 2022.
33. Kubal, Immigration and Refugee Law; Anker, “Determining Asylum Claims”; Hamlin, Let Me Be a Refugee; Gill and Good, Asylum Determination in Europe.
34. Ballinger, The World Refugees Made; Sen, Citizen Refugee; Lipman, In Camps.
35. Gatrell, “Raw Material”; Huhn, “Negotiating Forced Migration.”