All right now? Explaining the successes and failures of the Slovak centre-right

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Seán Hanley, Aleks Szczerbiak and Vladimír Bilčík for their comments on earlier drafts.

Notes

For detailed accounts of voting patterns and the support bases of political parties in Slovakia see Vladimír Krivý, Politické orientácie na Slovensku – skupinové profily (Bratislava: IVO, 2000); and Vladimír Krivý, Viera Feglová and Daniel Balko, Slovensko a jeho regióny: sociokultúrne súvislosti volebného správania (Bratislava: Nadácia Média, 1996).

Martin Chren and Martin Thomay, Verejný audit volebných programov politických strán a hnutí (Bratislava: Nadácia F.A.Hayeka, 2002), available at ⟨http://www.napri.sk/web/hayek/slovak/downloads/Audit2002web.pdf⟩.

Thomas Rochon, ‘Mobilizers and Challengers: Towards a Theory of New Party Success’, International Political Science Review, Vol.6 (1985), pp.419–39; see also Tim Haughton, ‘“We'll Finish What We've Started”: The 2002 Slovak Parliamentary Elections’, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol.19, No.4 (2003), pp.78–9.

Sme, 25 Aug. 2003.

Narodná obroda, 3 July 2003, p.3; Sme, 3 July 2003, p.2.

Tim Haughton, ‘HZDS: The Ideology, Organisation and Support Base of Slovakia's Most Successful Party’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol.53, No.5 (2001), pp.745–69.

Vladimír Mečiar (with Dana Podracká and L'uba Šajdová), Slovenské tabu (Bratislava: Silentium, 1996); Marián Leško, Mečiar a mečiarizmus: politik bez škrupúl', politika bez zábran (Bratislava: VMV, 1996).

Tim Haughton, ‘Explaining the Limited Success of the Communist-Successor Left in Slovakia: The Case of the Party of the Democratic Left (SDL')’, Party Politics, Vol.10, No.4 (2004), pp.177–91.

Vladimír Krivý, ‘Náboženské prejavy v 90. rokoch’, in Ol'ga Gyárfášová, Vladimír Krivy, Grigorij Mesežnikov and Michal Vašečka, Krajina v pohybe: Správa o politických názoroch a hodnotách l'udí na Slovensku (Bratislava: IVO, 2001), p.266.

Abby Innes, ‘The Breakup of Czechoslovakia: The Impact of Party Development on the Separation of the State’, East European Politics and Societies, Vol.11, No.3 (1997), p.407.

Barbara J. Falk, The Dilemmas of Dissidence in East–Central Europe: Citizen Intellectuals and Philosopher Kings (Budapest and New York: CEU Press, 2003), p.101.

Milada Vachudová, ‘Right-wing Parties and Political Outcomes in Eastern Europe’, paper presented to the American Political Science Association annual meeting, San Francisco, 2001.

Janusz Bugajski, Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era (Armonk, NY and London: Sharpe, 2002), p.305.

‘Prejav na zakladajúcom sneme KDH’, reprinted in Ján Čarnogurský, Videné od Dunaja (Bratislava: Kalligram, 1997), pp.217–20.

Stanovy Krest'anskodemokratického hnutia, ratified at the KDH congress, Liptovský Mikuláš, 10 April 1999, article 2; národnost' can also be translated as ‘nationality’.

Ján Čarnogurský, ‘Prejav na sneme v Žiline’, 9 Nov. 1991, reprinted in Čarnogurský, Videné od Dunaja, p.234.

Ján Čarnogurský, ‘Obrana KDH’ (originally published 16 November 1992), reprinted in Čarnogurský, Videné od Dunaja, p.336.

Ján Čarnogurský, ‘Dve úlohy KDH’, reprinted in Čarnogurský, Videné od Dunaja, pp.229–33.

Vladimír Krivý, Čo prezrádzajú volebné výsledky? Parlamentné vol'by 1992–1998 (Bratislava: IVO, 1999), p.79.

Ibid., pp.123, 124, 126.

Čarnogurský, ‘Obrana KDH’, p.338.

František Mikloško, Čas stretnutí (Bratislava: Kalligram, 1996), p.181.

Innes, p.419.

Steven Saxonberg, ‘The Influence of Presidential Systems: Why the Right is So Weak in Conservative Poland and So Strong in the Egalitarian Czech Republic’, Problems of Post-Communism, Vol.50, No.5 (Sept.–Oct. 2003), pp.22–36.

The argument is Karol Ježík's: see Marián Leško, L'udia a l'udkovia z politckej elity (Bratislava: Petrex, 1993), p.21.

Wolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm (eds.), Policy, Office, or Votes? How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Decisions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Leško, L'udia a l'udkovia z politckej elity, p.22.

Slovensko – júl 1991: Analytická štúdia (Bratislava: Ústav pre sociálnu analýzu Univerzity Komenského, 1991), p.21.

Innes, p.413.

Ján Čarnogurský, ‘Prihovor v STV 23. aprila 1991’, in Čarnogurský, Videné od Dunaja, pp.169–70.

Leško, L'udia a l'udkovia z politckej elity, p.23.

Innes.

Bugajski, p.306.

Ján Čarnogurský, ‘Princíp gyroskopu’ (interview), Smena, 11 Oct. 1990, reprinted in Čarnogurský, Videné od Dunaja, pp.271–2.

Zora Bútorová and Martin Bútora, Slovensko po rok: cesty a križovatky nového štátu očami jeho obyvatel'ov (Prague: Sociologicke nakladatelstvo, 1994), pp.9, 10, 31.

Haughton, ‘Explaining the Limited Success’.

Marian Leško, ‘Pribeh sebadiskvalikacie favorita’, in Martin Bútora and František Šebej (eds.), Slovensko v šedej zóne? Rozširovanie NATO, zlyhania a perspektívy Slovenska (Bratislava: IVO, 1998), pp.15–85; Karen Henderson, ‘Slovakia and the Democratic Criteria for EU Accession’, in Karen Henderson (ed.), Back to Europe: Central and Eastern Europe and the European Union (London and Philadelphia, PA: UCL Press, 1999), pp.221–40.

Lubomír Kopeček, ‘Slovenská demokratická koalice – vznik, geneze a charakteristika’, Politologický časopis, Vol.3 (1999), pp.248–70.

Mikuláš Dzurinda, Kde je vôl'a, tam je cesta: môj maratón (Bratislava: Koloman Kertész Bagala, 2002), p.11.

Ibid, p.12.

Ibid, p.13.

Marek Rybář, Slovak Political Parties Before Parliamentary Elections 2002 (Bratislava: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2002), p.6.

Ivan Šimko, Dobrá správa pre krestanskú demokraciu a pre Slovensko: Programová esej (Bratislava: Nadácia pre európske štúdie, 2000) p.53.

Grigorij Mesežnikov, ‘Vnútropolitický vývoj a systém politických strán’, in Miroslav Kollár and Grigorij Mesežnikov (eds.), Slovensko 2000: Súhrnná správa o stave spoločnosti (Bratislava: IVO, 2000) p.6.

Ibid.

Rybář, p.7.

SDKÚ, Programové východiská Slovenskej demokratickej a krest'anskej únie, at ⟨http://www.sdkuonline.sk⟩; see also Grigorij Mesežnikov (ed.), Vol'by 2002: Analýza volebných programov politických strán a hnutí (Bratislava: IVO, 2002).

See Grigorij Mesežnikov et al., Slovenské vol'by '02: výsledky, dôsledky, súvislosti (Bratislava: IVO, 2003); Geoffrey Pridham, ‘The Slovak Parliamentary Election of September 2002: Its Systemic Importance’, Government and Opposition, Vol.38, No.3 (2003), pp.333–56; and Haughton, ‘We'll Finish What We've Started’.

Haughton, ‘Explaining the Limited Success’.

Aleks Szczerbiak, ‘Old and New Divisions in Polish Politics: Polish Parties' Electoral Strategies and Bases of Support’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol.55, No.5 (2003), p.731.

SDKÚ election newspaper, Modré správy, Sept. 2002.

Haughton, ‘Explaining the Limited Success’.

James Mahoney, ‘Path Dependency in Historical Sociology’, Theory and Society, Vol.29 (2000), pp.507–48.