Conclusion

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Notes

1. The work used in this article is based on the research carried out for a Leverhulme-funded project (F/00094/O) on ‘Policy Transfer and Programmatic Change in the Communist Successor Parties of East Central Europe’

2. See, for example, R. Rose, Lesson-Drawing in Public Policy: A Guide to Learning across Time and Space (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1993); D. Dolowitz and D. Marsh, ‘Who Learns What from Whom: A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature’, Political Studies, Vol.44 (1996), pp.343–57; C. Bennett, ‘Understanding Ripple Effects: The Cross-National Adoption of Policy Instruments for Bureaucratic Accountability’, Governance, Vol.10, No.3 (1997), pp.213–33l; D. Stone, ‘Learning Lessons and Transferring Policy across Time, Space and Disciplines’, Politics, Vol.19, No.1 (1999), pp.51–9; M. Evans and J. Davies, ‘Understanding Policy Transfer: A Multi-Level, Multi-Disciplinary Perspective’, Public Administration, Vol.77, No.2 (1999), pp.361–85; E. Page, ‘Future Governance and the Literature on Policy Transfer and Lesson Drawing’, prepared for the ESRC Future Governance Workshop on Policy Transfer, 2000, available at <http://www.hull.ac.uk/futgov/Papers/EdPagePaper1.pdf>, accessed 18 Nov. 2004; K. Mossberger and H. Wolman, ‘Policy Transfer as a Form of Prospective Policy Evaluation’, Future Governance Paper 2 (2001), available at <http://www.hull.ac.uk/futgov/Papers/PubPapers/KMPaper2.pdf>, accessed 18 Nov. 2004; W. Jacoby, ‘Tutors and Pupils: International Organizations, Central European Elites, and Western Models’, Governance, Vol.14, No.2 (2001), pp.169–200; H. Wolman and E. Page, ‘Policy Diffusion Among Local Governments: An Information-Theory Approach’, Governance, Vol.15, No.4 (2002), pp.477–501; S. Padgett, ‘Between Synthesis and Emulation: EU Policy Transfer in the Power Sector’, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol.10, No.2 (2003), pp.227–45.

3. For a similar typology of Europeanization, see I. Bache, ‘Europeanization: A Governance Approach’, ESRC/UACES Series of Seminars on EBPP, available at <http://www.shef.ac.uk/ebpp/bache.pdf>, accessed 18 Nov. 2004.

4. Stone, ‘Learning Lessons’.

5. Wolman and Page, ‘Policy Diffusion’.

6. Dolowitz and Marsh, ‘Who Learns What from Whom’.

7. The finding that the Austrian Social Democrats were the German Social Democrats' main rival for influence in the centre-left parties of Eastern and Central Europe further supports the geographical proximity hypothesis.

8. This analogy is used by Wade Jacoby with respect to the external influences on the states of Eastern and Central Europe: W. Jacoby, The Enlargement of the European Union and NATO: Ordering from the Menu in Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

9. The PDS was a keen advocate of the creation of the Party of the European Left in 2004, and this is likely to provide an opportunity for intensified interaction through policy networks and the diffusion of policy through policy transfer and policy learning.

10. D. Dolowitz, ‘A Policy-maker's Guide to Policy Transfer’, Political Quarterly, Vol.74, No.1 (2003), pp.101–8.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

James Sloam

James Sloam is Lecturer in European Studies at King's College London, and an honorary Research Fellow in the Institute of German Studies, University of Birmingham.