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ABSTRACT
Arab Palestinian youth and children’s political socialization during the British Mandate (1922–1948) has largely been ignored in the literature. Most of the research has focused on the colonial project in Palestine and how different figureheads influenced the discourse. Indeed, this does not mean there isn’t a framework in place to understand youth and children’s political engagement. This study will focus on how social-political elements conceptualized the formation of Arab Palestinian youth’s political socialization. The Mandate period provided distinct social-political actors elements that were articulated within demographic control, semi-education, and economic deprivation. Arab Palestinian children and youth’s political socialization was shaped within the context of these interweaving social-political aspects. These elements altered the Arab Palestinian community’s livelihood and by extension youth and children’s political engagement. Each one of these aspects was centred within the Zionist ideology and administrated by the British Mandates’ colonial policies. This research deconstructs the juxtaposition of each element in relation to children’s political socialization.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Maksudyan, Agents or pawns?, 36.
2 Sabella, Education in Palestine and, 49.
3 Davis, British Middle Easter, 13; Matthew, The Balfour Declaration, 37; Norris, Transforming the Holy Land, 41; Shlaim, The Balfour Declaration, 53.
4 Gavish and Kark, The Cadastral Mapping, 22.
5 Khalidi, Illegal Jewish Immigration, 34; Matthew, The Balfour Declaration, 37; Renton, Flawed Foundations, 46; Shlaim, The Balfour Declaration, 53.
6 Knight, Securing Zion?, 35.
7 Sicker, Reshaping Palestine, 55.
8 Knight, Securing Zion?, 35.
9 Simpson, Palestine: Report on Immigration, 56; Rothenberg, Trial and Error, 48; Shaw, Report of the Commission, 51; Stein, The Land Question, 58.
10 Degani, They Were Prepared, 15.
11 Othman, Strategies of Popular Resistance, 43.
12 Ben-Bassat, The Challenges Facing, 6; Halperin, Forging Beginnings, 28.
13 Chatty, Displacement and Dispossession, 11, Norris, Transforming the Holy Land, 41; Ozacky-Lazar and Kabha, The Haganah by Arab, 44; Sela, Scouting Palestinian Territory, 50.
14 Shehory-Rubin & Shvarts, Teaching the Children to Play, 52.
15 Shehory-Rubin & Shvarts, Teaching the Children to Play, 52, p.36.
16 Shehory-Rubin & Shvarts, Teaching the Children to Play, 52, p.36.
17 Shehory-Rubin & Shvarts, Teaching the Children to Play, 52, p.39.
18 Shehory-Rubin & Shvarts, Teaching the Children to Play, 52, p.39.
19 Ozacky-Lazar and Kabha, The Haganah by Arab, 44; Tauber, The Arab Military Force, 62.
20 Degani, They Were Prepared, 22.
21 Degani, They Were Prepared, 15; Harte, Scouting in Mandate Palestine, 29.
22 Degani, They Were Prepared, 15, p.203.
23 Degani, They Were Prepared, 15; Harte, Scouting in Mandate Palestine, 29.
24 Ozacky-Lazar and Kabha, The Haganah by Arab, 44.
25 Ozacky-Lazar and Kabha, The Haganah by Arab, 44, p.49.
26 Degani, They Were Prepared, 15.
27 Bourmaud, The Political and Religious, 8.
28 Degani, They Were Prepared, 15, p. 207.
29 Degani, They Were Prepared, 22.
30 Freeman-Maloy, Mahal and the Dispossession, 20.
31 Ozacky-Lazar and Kabha, The Haganah by Arab, 44.
32 Anderson, State formation from below, 2, Anderson, The British Mandate and, 3; Darweish and Sellick, Everyday resistance among Palestinians, 12; Ozacky-Lazar and Kabha, The Haganah by Arab, 44.
33 Ozacky-Lazar and Kabha, The Haganah by Arab, 44.
34 Chatty, Displacement and dispossession in, 11.
35 Moed, Palestinian Rural Education During, 39.
36 Tannous, 1988, 61, p. 238.
37 Tibawi, Primary Education and Social, 64.
38 Hajj, The Arab College in Jerusalem, 25; Tibawi, Primary Education and Social, 64; Regan, Palestine: Education in Mandate Palestine, 45.
39 Furas, Old Arabs, New Arabs, 21.
40 Brownson, Colonialism, Nationalism, and the, 9; Elboim-Dror, British Educational Policies In, 16.
41 Shoham, ‘Small Sales Agents’, 54.
42 Carmi and Rosenfeld, Immigration, Urbanization and Crisis, 10; Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19; Khalaf, The Effect of Socioeconomic, 33; Smith, The Roots of Separatism, 57.
43 Hagopian and Zahlan, Palestine’s Arab Population, 26.
44 Sabella, Education in Palestine and, 49; Othman, Negotiating Palestinian Womanhood, 42.
45 Totah, Education in Palestine, 65.
46 Brownson, Colonialism, Nationalism, and the, 9; Elboim-Dror, British Educational Policies In, 16; Jad, Rereading the British Mandate, 30.
47 Furas, Old Arabs, New Arabs, 21.
48 Brownson, Colonialism, Nationalism, and the, 9.
49 Davis, Commemorating Education, 14.
50 Tibawi, Educational Policy and Arab, 63.
51 Elboim-Dror, British Educational Policies In, 16; Jad, Rereading the British Mandate, 30; Totah, Education in Palestine, 65.
52 Brownson, Colonialism, Nationalism, and the, 9.
53 Furas, Old Arabs, New Arabs, 21.
54 Brownson, Colonialism, Nationalism, and the, 9.
55 Jad, Rereading the British Mandate, 30.
56 El-Eini, British Agricultural-Educational Institutions, 17.
57 Jad, Rereading the British Mandate, 30; Totah, Education in Palestine, 65.
58 Totah, Education in Palestine, 65.
59 Hagopian and Zahlan, Palestine’s Arab Population, 26.
60 El-Eini, British Agricultural-Educational Institutions, 17.
61 Nadan, Economic Aspects of the, 40.
62 Nadan, Economic Aspects of the, 40, p. 651–652.
63 Nadan, Economic Aspects of the, 40, p. 652.
64 Gerber, From Riots to Radicalization, 23.
65 Gerber, From Riots to Radicalization, 23, p.129.
66 Tibawi, Educational Policy and Arab, 63.
67 Tibawi, Educational Policy and Arab, 63, p.17.
68 Brownson, Colonialism, Nationalism, and the, 9.
69 Degani, They Were Prepared, 15.
70 Tibawi, Educational Policy and Arab, 63, p.21.
71 Matthews, Confronting an Empire, Constructing, 38.
72 Harte, Scouting in Mandate Palestine, 29
73 Tibawi, Educational Policy and Arab, 63.
74 Degani, They Were Prepared, 22.
75 Abu-Saad and Champagne, Introduction: A Historical Context, 1.
76 Harte, Scouting in Mandate Palestine, 29, p. 50.
77 Greenberg, Majallat Rawdat al-ma ‘arif, 24.
78 Degani, They Were Prepared, 15.
79 Degani, They Were Prepared, 15; Harte, Scouting in Mandate Palestine, 29; Kahlenberg, Peddlers and the Policing, 31.
80 Rodriguez-Martin, Settler Colonial Demographics, 47.
81 Degani, They Were Prepared, 15; Harte, Scouting in Mandate Palestine, 29; Kahlenberg, Peddlers and the Policing, 31.
82 Anderson, State formation from below, 2.
83 Norris, Transforming the Holy Land, 41.
84 Norris, Transforming the Holy Land, 41, p. 282.
85 Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19; Stein, The Land Question in, 58.
86 Carmi and Rosenfeld, Immigration, Urbanization and Crisis, 10; Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19; Khalaf, The Effect of Socioeconomic, 33; Smith, The Roots of Separatism, 57.
87 Carmi and Rosenfeld, Immigration, Urbanization and Crisis, 10; Khalaf, The Effect of Socioeconomic, 33; Smith, The Roots of Separatism, 57.
88 Ayers, Idealism “Must Not Blind, 5; Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19; Kamel, Whose Land? Land Tenure,32; Stein, The Land Question in, 58; Wolfe, Purchase by Other Means, 66.
89 Altran, The Surrogate Colonization of, 7, p. 8.
90 Tamim, A Historical Review of, 60; Kamel, Whose Land? Land Tenure, 32.
91 Stein, Palestine’s rural economy, 59.
92 Kamel, Whose Land? Land Tenure, 32; Tamim, A Historical Review of, 60.
93 Kamel, Whose Land? Land Tenure, 32; Stein, Palestine’s rural economy, 59.
94 Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19; Kamel, Whose Land? Land Tenure, 32.
95 Falah, Pre-state Jewish colonization, 18; Kamel, Whose Land? Land Tenure, 32; Wolfe, Purchase by Other Means, 66.
96 Anderson, The British Mandate and, 3.
97 Anderson, The British Mandate and, 3, p.175.
98 Halbrook, The alienation of a, 27.
99 Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19.
100 Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19.
101 Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19.
102 Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19, p. 121.
103 Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19, p. 117.
104 Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19.
105 Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19.
106 Stein, Palestine’s rural economy, 59.
107 Fischbach, State, Society and Land, 19.
108 Stein, Palestine’s rural economy, 59.
109 Moed, Palestinian Rural Education During, 39, p.3.
110 Halbrook, The alienation of a, 27.
111 Bernstein, Expanding the Split Labour, 7.
112 Aumann et al., Land Ownership in Palestine, 4.
113 Chatty, Displacement and dispossession in, 11.
114 Chatty, Displacement and dispossession in, 11
115 Brownson, Colonialism, Nationalism, and the, 9; Moed, Palestinian Rural Education During, 39.
116 Khalaf, The Effect of Socioeconomic, 33.
117 Nadan, Economic Aspects of the, 40.
118 Nadan, Economic Aspects of the, 40.
119 Matthews, Confronting an empire, constructing, 38.
120 Kahlenberg, Peddlers and the Policing, 31.
121 Degani, They Were Prepared, 22.