Abstract
Home and family life are a salient characteristic of the private sphere among the middle class, in which cultural models and behavioral dispositions are reproduced. In the Yishuv urban community, a substantial number of women established economic enterprises in their homes, blurring the distinction between public and private. The article examines the effects of these women's economic activity on daily life within home and family. It reveals how new social repertoires that were formed in these homes intertwined home, family, community, and nationality while at the same time preserving gender role allocation. Furthermore, the article attests to the heterogeneity of the urban society of the Yishuv, thus offering directions to further research on the formation of the middle class in Israeli society.
Notes
8 This was not a consistent pattern in all immigration destinations. According to CitationHyman, “Me'ever la-yam,” middle-class Jewish women who worked in their country of origin tended to quit work upon immigrating to the USA and go into philanthropy.
20 For an exception, see CitationTene, “Ha-batim ha-levanim yimalu.”
27 On working women, gender, and the labor market in Mandate Palestine see, for example, CitationBernstein, “On Rhetoric and Commitment”; CitationMargalit Stern, “La-malkah ein bayit”; idem, “Rebels of Unimportance.”
34 Beilin, Ha-ta'asiyah ha-ivrit, 38.
37 Bar Yishay, “Female Labor Force Participation,” 128.
43 Margalit Stern, Ge'ulah bi-kvalim, 354–57.
47 Letters concerning the loan to Asherman, 1937–1938, Central Zionist Archives (hereafter CZA), S7/804.
48 “Sivloteha shel mishpahah me-olei Germaniyah” (The troubles of a German immigrant family), Iton Meyuhad, 10th of Kislev [ = November 27], 1928.
49 Loans list in Haifa, 7 February, 1940, CZA S18/50.
51 Loans for urgent cases in Jerusalem, September 1940, CZA, S18/34.
52 Loans and credit of petty traders and handicrafts, September 22, 1940, CZA, S18/105.
53 Jewish industry census of food and textile economic branches, 1933, CZA, S8/2604.
64 For the important contribution of men and women photographers to the construction of national identity formation, see CitationRaz, Tzalamei ha-aretz; CitationSela, “Be-ikvot tzalamot alumot.”
67 “Ikhsun tayarim” (Hosting tourists). Ha-Boker, April 4, 1949; “30,000 tayarim be-1949” (30,000 tourists in 1949), Ha'aretz, March 28, 1949.
68 Ha-Boker, April 4, 1949.
70 CitationMeir, Hayai, 75. This was common practice until the middle of the 1950s.
71 Form no. 266, CZA, S8/2598.
72 Petty loans of the “Ha-Oleh” fund, August 3, 1950, form 497, CZA, S21/339.
73 Petty loans of the “Ha-Oleh” fund, August 3, 1950, form 497, CZA, S21/339
77 CitationBenson, The Penny Capitalists. Benson relates to working-class people but his description fits also small businesswomen who affiliated themselves with the lower middle class.
83 Liselotte was one of the founders of the professional union of photographers in Palestine. In 2008 the Israel Museum hosted an exhibition of her life work.
88 The normative character of such behavior is demonstrated in the memoirs of several women. See CitationIsenberg, Dapim mi-hayai, 6; CitationVollenberg, Al ha-mirpeset, 15.
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