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ABSTRACT
The study of the 1920 Tel Hai incident from a purely local perspective does not provide an accurate, in-depth explanation for the outbreak of violence in the Huleh Valley. This article contextualizes this incident within the events occurring in Syria and Lebanon during 1919–1920. It does so in order to understand the extent to which the Tel Hai incident was a local event, related to the Zionist-Palestinian conflict, or part of waves of violence that had spread over large areas of Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1. Rogel, Tel Hai.
2. Lieshout, Britain and the Arab Middle East, 258–266; Cicek, Syria in World War I; Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 50–52.
3. Pipes, Greater Syria, 17.
4. Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 53.
5. Zamir, Ha-erez ha-saduk, 25; Qal`aji, al-Thawra al-`Arabiya al-kubra,1916–1925, 255–265.
6. Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 55; Zamir, Ha-erez ha-saduk, 20–21.
7. al-Safa, Tarekh Jabal `Amil, 228–229; khalidi, Jawla fi al-Dhikrayat Bayn Lubnan wa Filastin, 131–135.
8. Farah, The Politics of Interventionism, 554–603.
9. Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 57; Qal`aji, al-Thawra al-`Arabiya al-kubra,1916–1925, 260.
10. Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 58.
11. Zamir, Kinuna shel levanon,50–63.
12. Lieshout, 258.
13. Memories of king Faisal, Archives of the khadrah family in Amman, November 30, 1918.
14. Memories of king Faisal, January 2, 1919.
15. Memories of king Faisal, January 16 and 30, 1919; February 5 and 7, 1919.
16. Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 88–92.
17. Faisal delivered his speech on February 6, 1919. Qal`aji, al-Thawra al-`Arabiya al-kubra,1916–1925, 281–289; Musa, al-Haraka al- `Arabiya 1908–1924, 461–470.
18. From Prince Faisal to the President of the Peace Conference in Paris, May 19, 1919.
19. Qasimiya, al-Thawra al-`Arabiya al-kubra,1916–1925, 64–70.
20. Erlich, Ha-mizrah ha-tikhon 20–21.
21. Zamir Kinuna shel levanon, 58–61; Memories of king Faisal, December 30, 1918.
22. Erlich, Ha-mizrah ha-tikhon, 38–61; Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 73–74; Zamir, Kinuna shel levanon, pp. 55–103.
23. Pipes, Greater Syria, 22–28; Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 105; Musa, al-Haraka al-`Arabiya, 482–483.
24. Ibid., 536–537.
25. Antonius, The Arab Awakening, 35–60.
26. Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 115.
27. Ibid., 125.
28. Musa, al-Haraka al-`Arabiya, 482.
29. Memories of king Fisal: Report on the events from November 1919 to July 1920; Erlich, Ha-mizrah ha-tikhon, 54–58; Zamir, Kinuna shel levanon, 82–83; Musa, al-Haraka al-`Arabiya, 519–537; Qal`aji, al-Thawra al-`Arabiya al-Kubra, 346–347.
30. Rogel, Tel Hai, 38–39; Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 139; Zamir, Kinuna shel levanon, 83.
31. Ibid., 88–89.
32. Memories of king Faisal: report on events from November 1919 to July 1920.
33. Memories of king Faisal: report on events from November 1919 to July 1920; Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 149.
34. Zamir, Kinuna shel levanon, 86.
35. Erlich, Ha-mizrah ha-tikhon, 164; Musa, al-Haraka al-`Arabiya, 552–568; Qasimiya, al-Hukumah al-`Arabiya fi Dimashq, 194–211.
36. Zamir, Kinuna shel levanon, 20; Erlich, Ha-mizrah ha-tikhon, 25. Erlich presents a detailed map of the layout of the region which became the state of “Greater Lebanon”; Pipes, Greater Syria, 17.
37. For further details on the Sunni Muslim position and especially the Salam family and their opposition to the establishment of Greater Lebanon, see: Salibi, A House of Many Mansions, 216–235.
38. Rida, Mudhkarat Litareekh hawadith Jabal `Amil, 26–138.
39. Zamir, Kinuna shel levanon, 92.
40. Rida, Mudhkarat Litareekh hawadith Jabal `Amil, 26–33, 52–53.
41. al-Safa, Tarekh Jabal `Amil, 229.
42. Qal`aji, al-Thawra al-`Arabiya al-Kubra, 313–334; al-Safa, Tarekh Jabal `Amil, 237.
43. Ibid., 231–233.
44. Zamir, Kinuna shel levanon, 67.
45. Rogel, Tel Hai, 44.
46. Zamir Kinuna shel levanon, 90.
47. Ibid., 93.
48. Ibid., 91–93.
49. Rida, Mudhkarat Litareekh hawadith Jabal `Amil, 60–70.
50. Rogel, Tel Hai, 53.
51. al-Safa, Tarekh Jabal `Amil, 135–233.
52. Rogel, Tel Hai, 64; Rida, Mudhkarat Litareekh hawadith Jabal `Amil, 62–63.
53. Rogel, Tel Hai, 95.
54. Zamir, Kinuna shel levanon, 93–94.
55. Qal`aji, al-Thawra al-`Arabiya al-Kubra, 355–359; Musa, al-Haraka al-`Arabiya, 539–560.
56. Al-Safa, Tarekh Jabal `Amil, 233.
57. Rogel, Tel Hai, 201–204.
58. Testimony of Yiftah Spector, Archives of Kibbutz Kfar Giladi, Section 9, File No. 4.
59. Testimony of Elyovich, Archives of Kibbutz Kfar Giladi, Section 9, File No. 4.
60. Zakariya, `Ashair al-Sham, 392–396.
61. Report on the district of Marjayoun, March 1931. Archives of the French Foreign Ministry, Nantes Section 2201. This document and some of the documents quoted below lack dates or other details such as the editor of the document.
62. Zakariya, `Ashair al-Sham, 392–396.
63. From the Emir Mahmoud al-Fa’our to Naif Effendi Subih, British National Archives, F.O. 5120/371, May 19, 1920.
64. Rogel, Tel Hai, 53.
65. Rogel, Tel Hai, 44; Rida, Mudhkarat Litareekh hawadith Jabal `Amil, 63.
66. Rogel, Tel Hai, 45; Archives of the French Foreign Ministry, Marjayoun District. Section 2201, Report of March 1931.
67. `Abedat, Ahmad Mrewid, 1886–1926, 146–156.
68. Ibid., 362.
69. Archives of the French Foreign Ministry, Section 655 and May 28, 1363, 1921.
70. al-Karmil, July 31, 1927.
71. Rida, Mudhkarat Litareekh hawadith Jabal `Amil, 48, 54; al-Yousif, Kamil Hussein, 102–105.
72. Letter of Kamal Hussein to Kalvarisky [this is the translation from the original text although it sounds slightly muddled], December 21, 1919, in Rogel, Parashat Tel Hai, p. 112. On the visit of Jews to Kamal see ibid., 213–214 and also 227.
73. Rogel, Parashat Tel Hai, 15. See there for Documents 29 and 61 which mention these issues, and also pages 92, 132–191.
74. Rida, Mudhkarat Litareekh hawadith Jabal `Amil, 89–90.
75. Letter of Kalvarisky to Emir Adel Arsalan, March 7, 1920, in Rogel, Parashat Tel Hai, 317.
76. Ibid., 351, 364, 366, 369, 373, 396, 464.
77. Yaakov Reznik, Haaretz, January 19, 1921.
78. Khoury, Sélim Takla 1895–1945, 442.
79. Letter from Reuven Tryphon to the civil administration in Rosh Pina, July 27, 1920, in Rogel, Parashat Tel Hai, 376.
80. Report by Gad Avgidorov, at the beginning of August, 1920 in ibid., 378–380.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Mustafa Abbasi
Mustafa Abbasi is an Associate Professor at the Department of Galilee Studies at Tel-Hai College. His research focuses on two main fields:The first field is the study of the social history of the Palestinian Arab population from the late Ottoman period to the end of the British Mandate. Most of my research in this field has dealt with social changes in the Arab cities and towns in the Galilee. The second field is the history of the 1948 War in the four Galilee cities, and the rural population in the districts of these four cities.