Introduction: Thinking anew about peace operations

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Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Mike Pugh for his help and encouragement in putting this collection together.

Notes

Kofi Annan, ‘Address of the Secretary-General to the UN General Assembly’, 20 September 1999 (GA/9596).

See Lloyd Axworthy, ‘Canada and Human Security: The Need for Leadership’, International Journal, Vol.52, No.2, 1997, pp.183–96; International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: ICISS, 2000).

Robin Cook, ‘Guiding Humanitarian Intervention’, speech to the American Bar Association, London, 19 July 2000.

Christine Gray, ‘Peacekeeping after the Brahimi Report: Is there a Crisis of Credibility for the UN?’ Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol.6, No.2, 2001, p.288.

The Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (A/55/305-S/2000/809), 21 August 2000.

Nigel White, ‘Commentary on the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (The Brahimi Report)’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol.6, No.1, 2001, p.134.

See Robert W. Cox, ‘Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory’, Millennium, Vol.10, No.2, 1981, pp.126–55 and Michael Pugh's contribution to this collection.

For a relevant discussion see Steve Smith, Ken Booth and Marysia Zalewski (eds), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Alex J. Bellamy, Paul Williams and Stuart Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping (Cambridge: Polity, 2004).

See Inis Claude, Swords into Plowshares, 4th edition (New York: McGraw Hill, 1984); F. P.Walters, A History of the League of Nations (London: Oxford University Press, 1952); and Alfred Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1945).

This discussion of traditional peacekeeping draws upon Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, ch.5.

The traditional principles of peacekeeping had been challenged since their inception, especially during the mission to the Congo in the early 1960s but the end of the Cold War increased the frequency and intensity of the challenges.

See Mary Kaldor, ‘Introduction’ in M. Kaldor and B. Vashee (eds.), New Wars: Restructuring the Global Military Sector (London: Pinter, 1997), pp.3–33, and John Mueller, Retreat From Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War (New York: Basic Books, 1989).

Mark Duffield, ‘NGO Relief in War Zones: Towards an Analysis of the New Aid Paradigm’, Third World Quarterly, Vol.18, No.3, 1999, pp.527–42.

Boutros Boutros-Ghali to the UN General Assembly, 20 December 1996 (UN Doc. A/51/761).

William Clinton, ‘State of the Union Address’, cited in New York Times, 26 January 1994.

See for example, Rita Abrahamsen, Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa (London: Zed, 2000), Barry Gills et al. (eds.), Low Intensity Democracy: Political Power in the New World Order (London: Pluto Press, 1993); and William I. Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention and Hegemony (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Bates Gill and James Reilly, ‘Sovereignty, Intervention and Peacekeeping: The View from Beijing’, Survival, Vol.42, No.3, 2000, p.44.

The recent Security Council authorization given to a French-led ‘coalition of the willing’ to deploy to the DRC does not yet indicate a major reversal of this trend for two reasons. First, its mandate is only temporary (due to last between June and 1 September 2003). Second, it is limited to the Ituri region of the DRC.

For discussions of the pluralist view of international society see Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1977) and Robert H. Jackson, The Global Covenant (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

Tony Blair, ‘Doctrine of the International Community’, speech to the Economic Club of Chicago, Chicago, 22 April 1999.

Cox, ‘social Forces’, p.128.

These ideas are developed in the chapters by Alex J. Bellamy, Michael Pugh, Paul Williams, Roland Bleiker and Eli Stamnes.

Some work has already been done in this vein. See for example, Roland Paris, ‘Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism’, International Security, Vol.22, No.2, 1997, pp.54–89 and ‘International Peacebuilding and the ‘Mission Civilisatrice’’, Review of International Studies, Vol.28, No.4, 2002, pp.637–56.

Edward Said, Representations of the Intellectual (London: Vintage, 1994), p.84.

Scott Burchill, ‘Introduction’ in Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater et al. Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1995), p.17.

See Alex J. Bellamy, ‘Humanitarian Responsibilities and Interventionist Claims in International Society’, Review of International Studies, Vol.29, No.2, 2003, pp.321–40, and Paul Williams, ‘Indifference and Intervention: International Society and Human Rights in Africa’, International Journal of Human Rights, Vol.5, No.1, 2001, pp.140–53.

This idea was conveyed to the authors in relation to the concept of human security by Roland Bleiker. See Roland Bleiker, ‘From State to Human Security: Reflections on Inter-Korean Relations’, KNDU Review: A Journal of Military Affairs (Korea), Vol.7, No.2, 2002. As Rob Walker put it: ‘Modern accounts of security are precisely about subjectivity, subjection and the conditions under which we have been constructed as subjects subject to subjection’. R.B.J. Walker, ‘The Subject of Security’, in Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams (eds.), Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases (London: UCL Press, 1997), p.71.

Oliver Richmond, ‘A Genealogy of Peacemaking: The Creation and Re-Creation of Order’, Alternatives, Vol.26, No.2, 2001, p.317; François Debrix, Re-Envisioning Peacekeeping: The United Nations and the Mobilization of Ideology (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999); Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Security and Development (London: Zed, 2001); Paris, ‘Peacebuilding’ and ‘International Peacebuilding’ (see note 24).

See Paul Williams' contribution to this collection.

Exceptions include UN, Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in Multidimensional Peace Operations (UN: Lessons Learned Unit, DPKO, July 2000); Louise Olsson, Gendering UN Peacekeeping: Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective on Multidimensional Peace Operations (Uppsala: Uppsala University Press, 2001); Cynthia Cockburn and Dubravka Zarkov (eds.), The Postwar Moment: Militaries, Masculinities and International Peacekeeping (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2002) and Sandra Whitworth, ‘The Practice, and Praxis, of Feminist Research in International Relations’ in Richard Wyn Jones (ed.), Critical Theory and World Politics (Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner, 2001), pp.149–60.

See note 31.