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Notes
1. Roland Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect” and the Structural Problems of Preventive Humanitarian Intervention’, International Peacekeeping, Vol.21, No.5, 2014, p.570.
2. Ramesh Thakur, ‘A Balance of Interests’, in Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, pp.70–87.
3. Ramesh Thakur, ‘Protection Gaps for Civilian Victims of Political Violence’, South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol.20, No.3, 2013, pp.321–38.
4. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), p.571.
5. Thomas G. Weiss, Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas in Action, 2nd edn, Cambridge: Polity, 2011; Ramesh Thakur, ‘Humanitarian Intervention’, in Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws (eds), The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp.387–403.
6. See the entry under ‘Humanitarian bombing’ in Wikipedia (at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_bombing).
7. Mohamed Sahnoun, ‘Africa: Uphold Continent's Contribution to Human Rights, Urges Top Diplomat’, allAfrica.com, 21 Jul. 2009 (at: http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200907210549.html). For another African perspective that also strongly supports R2P, see Samuel Atuobi, ‘The Responsibility to Protect: The Time to Act Is Now’, KAIPTC Policy Brief, No. 1, Accra: Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Jul. 2009.
8. Anne Orford, International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, p.1.
9. Ibid., pp.25–7.
10. Ibid., p.41.
11. Louis Bourquien, in an article published in 1923 on the failed effort by Napoleon Bonaparte to take India from the British towards the end of the eighteenth century; quoted in William Dalrymple, The White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth Century India, New Delhi: Viking, 2002, pp.147–8.
12. A Carnegie roundtable on R2P after Libya, for example, had exclusively Western writers. Each one of the five is individually very qualified, with most being personal friends, co-authors or co-editors. But the collective optics is damaging. See Ethics & International Affairs, Vol.25, No.3, 2011.
13. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), p.570.
14. ‘Remarks by the President at the United States Military Academy Commencement Ceremony’, 28 May 2014 (at: www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/28/remarks-president-united-states-military-academy-commencement-ceremony).
15. ‘Remarks by President Obama in Address to the United Nations General Assembly’, 24 Sep. 2014 (at: www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/24/remarks-president-obama-address-united-nations-general-assembly).
16. Ban Ki-moon, ‘Implementing the Responsibility to Protect. Report of the Secretary-General’, UN doc., A/63/677, 12 Jan. 2009.
17. David Kennedy, The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004, p.323.
18. Ibid., p.25.
19. Quoted in Mats Berdal, ‘United Nations Peacekeeping and the Responsibility to Protect’, in Ramesh Thakur and William Maley (eds), Theorising the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.
20. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), p.573.
21. Ramesh Thakur, The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.258.
22. Ibid., n.18.
23. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), p.574, emphasis in original.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid, pp.580–1.
26. Ibid., p.575.
27. Thakur, ‘Protection Gaps for Civilian Victims’ (see n.2 above), p.334.
28. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), p.576.
29. Ibid.
30. Ramesh Thakur, ‘Reply in Defence of the Responsibility to Protect’, International Journal of Human Rights, Vol.7, No.3, 2003, p.163 (emphasis in original).
31. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), p.577.
32. Thakur, ‘Reply in Defence of the Responsibility to Protect’ (see n.30 above), p.163.
33. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), p.578.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., p.579.
36. Roger Cohen, ‘How Kofi Annan Rescued Kenya’, New York Review of Books, 14 Aug. 2008, pp.51–3.
37. For a range of diverse opinions and perspectives on R2P and Libya, see the collection of essays in e-International Relations: Alex Stark (ed.), ‘The Responsibility to Protect: Challenges and Opportunities in Light of the Libyan Intervention’, 21 Nov. 2011 (at: www.e-ir.info/2011/11/21/the-responsibility-to-protect-challenges-opportunities-in-light-of-the-libyan-intervention/comment-page-1/#comment-37850).
38. Jonathan Eyal, ‘The Responsibility to Protect: A Chance Missed’, in Adrian Johnson and Saqeb Mueen (eds), Short War, Long Shadows: The Political and Military Legacies of the 2011 Libyan Campaign, London: Royal United Services Institute, Whitehall Report 1–12, 2012, p.59.
39. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), pp.584–5.
40. Ibid, pp.582–7.
41. Margaret Macmillan, The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914, New York: Random House, 2013, p.645.
42. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), p.583.
43. Ibid, pp.587–9.
44. Similar ‘structural’ questions are raised every time Israel launches a military assault in Gaza: Ramesh Thakur, ‘Israel's Serial Gaza Offensives Are Offensive’, e-International Relations, 24 Jul. 2014 (at: www.e-ir.info/2014/07/24/israels-serial-gaza-offensives-are-offensive).
45. Seymour M. Hersh, ‘Whose Sarin?’, London Review of Books, 8 Dec. 2013 (at: www.lrb.co.uk/2013/12/08/seymour-m-hersh/whose-sarin).
46. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), pp.589–90; ‘Responsibility While Protecting: Elements for the Development and Promotion of a Concept’, UN, General Assembly and Security Council doc., A/66/551–S/2011/701, 11 Nov. 2011.
47. Ban Ki-moon, ‘Responsibility to Protect: Timely and Decisive Response’, UN doc. A/66/874–S/2012/578, 25 Jul. 2012, pp.13–15.
48. Ibid., para.49.
49. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), pp.590–1.
50. Gareth Evans and Ramesh Thakur, ‘Correspondence: Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect’, International Security, Vol.37, No.4, 2013, pp.199–207.
51. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), p.592.
52. Gareth Evans, ‘The Evolution of the Responsibility to Protect: From Concept and Principle to Actionable Norm’, in Thakur and Maley (eds), Theorising the Responsibility to Protect (see n.16 above).
53. See Ramesh Thakur, ‘A Chinese Vision of “Responsible Protection”’, Japan Times, 1 Nov. 2013 (at: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/11/01/commentary/a-chinese-version-of-responsible-protection).
54. For the works of Gareth Evans, see his book The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2008, and for his vast collection of journal articles, op-eds and speeches on the subject, see his website (at: www.gevans.org). For my works, see Thakur, The United Nations, Peace and Security (n.17 above); for the collection of my journal articles, see Ramesh Thakur, The Responsibility to Protect: Norms, Laws and the Use of Force in International Politics, London: Routledge, 2011, and two important articles since then, Ramesh Thakur, ‘R2P after Libya and Syria: Engaging Emerging Powers’, Washington Quarterly, Vol.36, No.2, 2013, pp.61–76, and Thakur, ‘Protection Gaps for Civilian Victims’ (n.2 above); for the collection of newspaper op-eds, see Ramesh Thakur, People vs. the State: Reflections on UN Authority, US Power and the Responsibility to Protect, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2011. For the views of Thomas G. Weiss, see his Humanitarian Intervention (n.3 above).
55. Paris, ‘The “Responsibility to Protect”’ (see n.1 above), p.570.
56. See ‘Director's Report: Protecting Civilians in Armed Conflict’, Ditchley Foundation Conference, Ditchley Park, Oxfordshire, UK, 16–18 May 2013.
Additional information
Ramesh Thakur is Professor in the Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University and editor-in-chief of Global Governance. A former UN Assistant Secretary-General, he was a Commissioner on the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty and co-author of its report, is the author of The Responsibility to Protect: Norms, Laws and the Use of Force in International Politics (Routledge, 2011) and co-editor of Theorising the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming)