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Notes
1 Alok Rai and Shahid Amin, ‘A Debate Between Alok Rai and Shahid Amin Regarding Hindi’, The Annual Of Urdu Studies, 20 (2005), pp.184–185.
2 John Gilchrist's A Grammar of the Hindustani Language posed it as the language popular speech of the country used all over India by both the literary elite and the illiterate masses. In 1800, he was appointed Professor of Hindustani at Fort William College in Calcutta where he worked towards establishing it as a ‘language of command’. See Alok Rai, ‘The persistence of Hindustani’, Annual of Urdu Studies, 20 (2005), pp.135–144 for a history of the ghostly life of Hindustani.
3 Alok Rai, ‘The persistence of Hindustani’, p.140.
4 Mentioned in a note by the Bihar Urdu Committee in 1937 in Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ‘A welcome move’ [1937], in The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, 95 vols, (New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India, 1958-1982), Vol 72, p.209.
5 David Lelyveld, ‘Colonial Knowledge and the Fate of Hindustani’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 35.4 (1993) pp.679–680.
6 Anne Berger, ‘Politics of the Mother Tongue’, parallax, 18.3 (2012), p.0.
7 Jacques Derrida, Monolingualism of the Other or the Prosthesis of Origin, trans. Patrick Mensah, (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998), p.23.
8 Jacques Derrida, Monolingualism of the Other, p. 24.
9 Pritipuspa Mishra, ‘Beyond Powerlessness: Institutional Life of the Vernacular in the Making of Modern Orissa’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 48 (2011), pp.531–570.
10 Simona Sawhney, The Modernity of Sanskrit, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), pp.6–7.
11 Sheldon Pollock, ‘Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in History’, Public Culture, 12 (2000), p.612.
12 Sheldon Pollock, ‘Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in History’, p.614.
13 L. Zastouphil and M. Moir, eds., The Great Education Debate: Documents relating to the Orientalist- Anglicist Controversy, 1781-1843, (London: Routledge, 1999), p.165.
14 Sheldon Pollock, ‘Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in History’, p.612.
15 Rama Sundari Mantena, ‘Vernacular Futures: Colonial Philology and the Idea of History in Nineteenth Century South India’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 42 (2005), pp.513–534.
16 Quoted in Sumathi Ramaswamy, ‘En/Gendering Language: The Poetics of Tamil Identity’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 35 (1993), pp.691–2.
17 Joseph Errington, Linguistics in a Colonial World: A Story of Language, Meaning, and Power, (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008), p.59.
18 Sumathi Ramaswamy, ‘Sanskrit for the Nation’, Modern Asian Studies, 32 (1999), pp.346, 357.
19 Charu Gupta, Sexuality, Obscenity, Community: Women, Muslims and the Hindu public in Colonial India, (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p.206.
20 Thomas R. Trautmann, ‘Constructing the Racial Theory of Indian Civilization,’ in The Aryan Debate, ed. Thomas R. Trautmann (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp.84–105.
21 Lisa Mitchell illustrates how new regimes of school textbooks, lexicons and translation pose southern Indian languages as parallel languages rather than complementary languages. See Lisa Mitchell, ‘Parallel Languages, Parallel Cultures: Language as the New Foundation for the Reorganization of Knowledge and Practice in Southern India’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 42 (2005), pp.445–467.
22 Farina Mir, ‘Imperial Policy, Provincial Practices: Colonial Language Policy in Nineteenth Century India’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 43 (2006), pp. 395–427.
23 Quoted from the General Report on Public Instruction for the Bengal Presidency for 1843-44 in Michael Dodson, ‘Translating Science, Translating Empire: The Power of Language in Colonial North India’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 47 (2005), p. 821.
24 Gayatri Chakrabarty Spivak, ‘Translation as Culture’, parallax, 16.1 (2000), p.15.
25 Thomas R. Trautmann, ‘Constructing Racial Theory of Indian Civilization’, p.92.
26 Sumathi Ramaswamy, ‘En/Gendering Language’, p.691
27 Sumathi Ramaswamy, ‘En/Gendering Language’, p.693.
28 Charu Gupta, Sexuality, Obscenity, Community, pp.203–213
29 The Constituent Assembly was responsible for the drafting of the Indian Constitution. It met for little over three years from December 1946 to January 1950 and consisted of 207 delegates from different parts of India.
30 Quoted in Granville Austin, ‘Language and the Constitution: A Half-Hearted Compromise’ in Language and Politics in India, ed. Asha Sarangi (New Delhi: Oxford University Press: 2009), p.89.
31 Mahatma Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol 91, p.104.
32 Mahatma Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol 63, p.6.
33 Mahatma Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol 63, p.7. By Hindi, Gandhi means Hindustani.
34 Language as mother is a formulation we find in the figure of Tamiltay or Mother Tamil. Also in Oriya linguistic politics, the language is called ‘Utkal Janani’. While Janani means mother, it also makes specific reference to the act of giving birth. Janani literally means ‘the woman who gave birth to me’.
35 Mahatma Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol 16, p.58.
36 Anne Berger, ‘Politics of Language’, p.25.
37 Spivak, ‘Translation as Culture’, p.15.
38 Mahatma Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol 16, p.73.
39 Mahatma Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol 63, p.7. In this instance, by Hindi, Gandhi actually means Hindustani.
40 Ajay Skaria, ‘Only one word, properly altered: Gandhi and the question of the prostitute’ Postcolonial Studies, 10 (2007), p.224.
41 Marga in the pre-colonial period designated vehicular languages such as Sanskrit and Prakrit.
42 Quoted in Granville Austin, ‘Language and the Constitution’, p.73.
43 Granville Austin, ‘Language and the Constitution’, p.81.