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Abstract
The violence wrought by Israel's Arabs on their Jewish compatriots in October 2000 was not an act of social protest as wrongly claimed by the Orr commission, but rather an internal uprising in support of an external attack. Just as the leader of the Palestinian Arabs during the mandate era, Hajj Amin Husseini, dragged his reluctant constituents into a disastrous conflict that culminated in their collective undoing, and Yasser Arafat used the Oslo accords to implicate his equally grudging subjects in the worst military confrontation with Israel since the 1948 war, rather than create the independent Palestinian state envisaged by the accords, so Israel's Arab leaders radicalized their community for decades. The more prosperous, affluent, and better educated the Israeli Arabs have become, the greater has grown their leadership's incitement against their state of citizenship, to the point where many ordinary Arabs have come to openly challenge the fundamental principles underpinning its very existence.
Notes
This article was originally published with errors. This version has been corrected. Please see corrigendum 778533.
1. Efraim Karsh, Arafat's War (New York: Grove, 2003), 186.
2. “Vaadat Orr. Vaadat Hakira Mamlachtit Leberur Hitnagshuyot ben Kohot Habitahon leven Ezrahim Israelim Behodesh October 2000. Din Vehshbon: Nosah Ma'le” (Jerusalem: August 2000), Shaar Shishi: Sikum Umaskanot: 20 (http://uri.mitkadem.co.il/vaadat-or/vaadat-or-part6.html). For English summary of the conclusions see “The Official Summation of the Or Commission Report,” Jewish Virtual Library, September 2, 2003.
3. “Vaadat Orr, Shaar Shishi,” 5.
4. See, for example, David Ben-Gurion's Diary (Sde Boker), November 24, 1929; Z. Abramowitz and Y. Guelfat, Hameshek Haarvi Beeretz Israel Uveartzot Hamizrah Hatichon (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad, 1944), 5–7.
The decline in Arab emigration from Palestine was particularly marked in comparison with the neighbouring Arab states. While over 103,000 people left Syria and Lebanon from 1920 to 1931, only 9,272 non-Jews left Palestine during the same period: less than half the Syrian/Lebanese rate given that their population was five times as large. Aharon Cohen, Israel and the Arab World (London: W.H. Allen, 1970), 225.
5. Palestine Royal Commission, Report. Presented to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in Parliament by Command of his Majesty, July 1937 (London: HMSO; rep. 1946), 93 (vii).
6. Palestine Royal Commission, Report. Presented to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in Parliament by Command of his Majesty, July 1937 (London: HMSO; rep. 1946)., 94, 157–8; Abramowitz and Guelfat, Hameshek Haarvi, 48–50.
7. A Survey of Palestine. Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry (reprinted 1991 in full with permission from Her Majesty's Stationary Office by the Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, DC), 2: 708–15.
8. A Survey of Palestine. Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry (reprinted 1991 in full with permission from Her Majesty's Stationary Office by the Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, DC)., 570–80; Cohen, Israel, 228.
9. A Survey of Palestine. Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry (reprinted 1991 in full with permission from Her Majesty's Stationary Office by the Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, DC)., 699–700, 710–14, 719–20; Peel Commission Report, 93 (vi), 231.
10. A Survey of Palestine. Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry (reprinted 1991 in full with permission from Her Majesty's Stationary Office by the Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, DC)., 63, 271.
11. Efraim Karsh, “How Many Palestinian Arab Refugees Were There?,” Israel Affairs 17 no. 2 (April 2011): 17/2 224–46.
12. Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), “Press Release,” April 25, 2012.
13. Vladimir Jabotinsky, The Jewish War Front (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1940), 216.
14. Ze'ev Jabotinsky, “What is to be Done?” (1905), in his Ktavim Zioniim Rishonim (Jerusalem: Eri Jabotinsky, 1949), 209–10; originally published in Russian in Rassvyet (November 4, 1923), the “Iron Wall” was reprinted several times, including in the Jewish Herald (South Africa), November 26, 1937, http://www.mideastweb.org/ironwall.htm.
15. Jabotinsky, The Jewish War Front, 216–20.
16. David Ben-Gurion, Bamaaraha (Tel Aviv: Mapai Publishing House, 1949), Vol. 4, Part 2: 260.
17. Hagana Archives (Tel Aviv), Hagana Commander-in-Chief to Brigade Commanders, “The Arabs Residing in the Enclaves,” March 24, 1948, HA/46/199z.
18. Zionist Archive (Jerusalem), Protocol of Israel's Provisional Government Meeting, May 16, 1948, 11–18, 20; Protocol of the Provisional Government Meeting, September 5, 1948, 5.
19. CBS, “Society in Israel,” Report No. 4, October 2011, 198; CBS, “The Arab Population in Israel” (Jerusalem, November 2002), 6.
20. World Health Organization (WHO), “World Health Statistics 2009: Mortality and Burden of Disease,” 42, http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.
21. Central Intelligence Agency, “The World Factbook: Infant Mortality Rate (Death/1,000 Live Births).” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
22. CBS, “The Arab Population in Israel 2008,” Statisti-Lite 102.
23. CBS, “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010,” Tables 8.7/8.17: Schools, Classes and Students in Primary/Secondary Education, http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st08_07&CYear=2010
24. CBS, “Jubilee Publications: Education” (Jerusalem, May 1999), 12, 15; CBS, “The Arab Population in Israel,” 8.
25. CBS, “Jubilee Publications: Education” (Jerusalem, May 1999), 12, 15; CBS, “The Arab Population in Israel,”., 16; “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2012,” Table 8.25: Matriculations Examinees, by Entitlement to a Certificate and Selected Characteristics; CBS, “Society in Israel,” 145, 167–8. http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/shnatone_new.htm?CYear=2012&Vol=63&CSubject=30
26. CBS, “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010,” Table 1: Individual Services in All Schools in Hebrew and Arab Education, by Supervision.
27. “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2012,” Table 8.3 & Table 8.6: Teaching Jobs, Full time Equivalent Jobs (F.T.E.) and Teaching Staff in Pre-Primary/Primary Education, by supervision, District, and Selected Characteristics; CBS, “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010,” Table 8.16: Teaching Jobs, Full time Equivalent Jobs (F.T.E.) and Teaching Staff in Secondary Education, by supervision, District, and Selected Characteristics.
28. CBS, “The Arab Population in Israel,” 9; CBS, “Society in Israel,” 149.
29. CBS, “Jubilee Publications: Education,” 12.
30. Human Development Reports, accessed October 11, 2012, http://hdr.undp.org/en/
31. CBS, “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010,” Tables 9.1 and 9.2: Selected Data on Housing in Arab/Jewish Households; CBS, “Society in Israel,” Report No. 3 (October 2010), 47.
32. “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010,” Tables 14.1 & 14.2 – Ownership of Durable Goods, Arab in Arab/Jewish Households.
33. “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010,” Tables 14.1 & 14.2 – Ownership of Durable Goods, Arab in Arab/Jewish Households., Table 2.15: Population and Density per Sq. Km. in Localities Numbering 5,000 Residents and More on 31 XII 2009, 130–32.
34. CBS, “The Arab Population in Israel 2008.”
35. CBS, “Local Authorities in Israel 2009,” Publication 1451, June 22, 2011.
36. CBS, “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010,” Table 1.27: Population Aged 15 and Over, By Civilian Labour Force Characteristics, Type of Locality of Residence, Population Group and Sex – 2009.
37. CBS, “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010,” Table 1.27: Population Aged 15 and Over, By Civilian Labour Force Characteristics, Type of Locality of Residence, Population Group and Sex – 2009; CBS, “Local Authorities in Israel, 2009.”
38. Sabri Jiryis, “The Arabs in Israel, 1973–79,” Journal of Palestine Studies 8 (Summer 1979): 31–33, 35–40.
39. Maariv, November 27, 1969.
40. “Aims of the Political Programme of the Palestinian Revolution Adopted by the 11th Palestine National Congress, Cairo, 11 Jan. 1973,” Journal of Palestine Studies 2 (Spring 1973): 170.
41. Maariv, January 22, 1979.
42. Maariv, January 22, 1979., February 22, 1979; Jiryis, “The Arabs in Israel.”
43. “Vaadat Orr: Shaar Rishon,” 81.
44. Maariv, February 2, May 26, 1986.
45. Radio Monte Carlo in Arabic, July 1, 1994; al-Nahar, July 3, 1994. The Koranic quote is from the 28th Sura – “The Story,” verse 4. See, The Koran, translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Abberry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 392.
46. On PA interference in the Israeli elections of 1996 and 1999 see, for example, Haaretz, June 14, 2001.
47. Quoted in PMW, “PA Depicts a World Without Israel.” http://www.palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=466
48. “Vaadat Orr: Shaar Rishon,” 77.
49. Haaretz, 26, 27 Feb. 2002.
50. “Vaadat Orr: Shaar Sheni,” 7, 45.
51. “Vaadat Orr: Shaar Sheni,” 7, 45.., Shaar Shishi, 43.
52. Alexander Bligh, “Israeli Arab Members of the 15th Knesset: Between Israeli Citizenship and their Palestinian National Identity,” Israel Affairs 9 (December 2002): 10.
53. Haaretz, June 13–17, July 11, November 4, 2001, February 26, 2002.
54. See, for example, Haaretz, May 2, 2007.
55. Thus, for example, Ahmad Tibi visited Lebanon in 2005, Jamal Zahalka and Wasil Taha visited Lebanon and Syria in 2006, and Said Nafa visited Syria in 2007. Haaretz, December 14, 2008.
56. Haaretz, January 12, 2009.
57. Ynetnews.com, April 25, 2010, February 25 2011; YouTube video of the visit. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3880679,00.html.
58. Ynetnews.com, April 27, 2010.
59. Haaretz, June 5, 2008.
60. Haaretz, June 5, 2008., January 22, 2009.
61. The Marker, February 16, 2007; Haaretz, April 1, 2007.
62. Haaretz, April 24, May 11, 2001, March 6, May 15, 2008.
63. Haaretz, April 24, May 11, 2001, March 6, May 15, 2008., April 20, 2001.
64. Haaretz, April 24, May 11, 2001, March 6, May 15, 2008., July 30, October 1, 2001, April 3, 14, 15, September 29, 2002, March 2, 2002. October 9, December 28, 2008, January 12, 2009, October 1, 2012.
65. Haaretz, April 24, May 11, 2001, March 6, May 15, 2008., September 5, October 7, 2001, June 7, 2002, April 30, 2009.
66. Ynetnews.com, September 9, 2012.
67. Ynetnews.com, September 9., May 17, 2009.
68. Haaretz, October 27, 2007, December 18, 2007, February 20, 2008.
69. David Pollock, “What Do the Arabs of East Jerusalem Really Want?,” Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs, September 7, 2011; Khaled Abu Toameh, “Why Palestinians Want Israeli Citizenship,” Gatestone Institute, http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/3407/palestinians-israeli-citizenship, October 23 2012.