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ABSTRACT
The significant changes undergone by Israeli society notwithstanding, the Holocaust remains one of the foremost components of the collective memory, increasingly evoked in the public space including the media, popular music, and sports. Focusing on the infiltration of Holocaust discourse into the sphere of sports, as reflected in media coverage of sporting events, this article reveals a wide spectrum of Holocaust uses ranging from the derogatory to the laudatory – as means to inspire performance and extol achievements and unique sports moments.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1. Houlihan and Malcolm, Sport and Society.
2. Tamir et al., “Sports: Faster, Higher, Stronger.”
3. Sorek, Arab Soccer in a Jewish State.
4. Onwumechili, Sport Communication.
5. Young, Sport, Violence and Society.
6. Tamir, “Generation 3.0.”
7. Dwyer and Drayer, “Fantasy Sport Consumer Segmentation.”
8. Ben-Porat, “Football Fandom,” 281.
9. Dunning, “Sport Matters.”
10. Tamir, “Choosing to Stay Away.”
11. Ben-Porat, “Football fandom.”
12. Hylton, “How A Turn to Critical Race.”
13. Whannel, Media Sport Stars.
14. Lazar et al., “Between Culture and Family”; Zertal, Israeli’s Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood; Zimmerman, “What is Holocaust”; and Wolffsohn, Eternal Guilt?
15. Liebman and Don-Yihya, Civil Religion in Israel.
16. Meyers and Zandberg, “The Soundtrack of Memory.”
17. Zandberg, “Ketchup is The Auschwitz of Tomatoes.”
18. Goldberg, “The Holocaust and History.”
19. Gelber, “The Holocaust in Israeli Discourse.”
20. Gutwein, “The Privatization of the Holocaust.”
21. Rosenfeld, The End of the Holocaust.
22. Bartos, “Israeli-German Relations”; and Weitz, “The Reparation Negotiations in Israeli Politics.”
23. Zimmerman, “What is Holocaust.”
24. Steir-Livny, Is It OK to Laugh about It; and Zandberg, “Ketchup is The Auschwitz of Tomatoes.”
25. Steir-Livny, “Holocaust Satire on Israeli TV.”
26. See note 5 above.
27. Zertal, Israeli’s Holocaust; Zimmerman, “What is Holocaust”; and Meyers et al., “Prime Time Commemoration.”
28. Zandberg, “Ketchup is The Auschwitz of Tomatoes,” 109.
29. Yakira, Post-Zionism, Post-Holocaust.
30. Klar et al., “The ‘Never Again’ State of Israel.”
31. Poulton and Durrell, “Uses and Meanings of ‘Yid.”
32. Gertler, “Between Auschwitz and Wembley”; Samuel-Azran and Galily, “Germany’s Victory Over Brazil was Like The Blitzkrieg”; and Tamir, “Generation 3.0: Popularity of The National German.”
33. Jones et al., Qualitative research in sport and physical activity.
34. Kirppendorff, Content Analysis.
35. McHugh, “Interrater Reliability.”
36. See note 15 above.
37. Zertal, Israeli’s Holocaust.
38. Yediot Aharonot, December 3, 2012.
39. One, February 24, 2013.
40. Ibid., October 18, 2016.
41. Ibid., February 7, 2015.
42. Ibid., January 1, 2013.
43. Ibid., March 24, 2016.
44. Ibid., March 24, 2014.
45. Ibid., December 15, 2015.
46. Ibid., October 20, 2015.
47. Ibid., October 29, 2017.
48. Ibid., April 25, 2017.
49. Ibid., April 7, 2013.
50. Ibid., December 7, 2013.
51. Ibid., October 7, 2013.
52. Ibid., July 23, 2015.
53. Ibid., October 8, 2013.
54. https://www.yadvashem.org/he/press-release/25-february-2015-10-39.html Retrieved May 28, 2019.
55. One, November 6, 2013.
56. Ibid., April 16, 2015.
57. Ibid., August 21, 2013.
58. Ibid., September 14, 2014.
59. Ibid., July 14, 2015.
60. Ibid., August 13, 2013.
61. Scheufele, Haas and Brosuis, Mirror or Molder?; Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating The Message in The 21st century.
62. See note 11 above.
63. Yediot Aharonot, April 9, 2014.
64. One, December 20, 2012.
65. Ibid., July 16, 2014.
66. Ibid., June 22, 2014.
67. Ibid., March 24, 2014.
68. Lior, “The message according to Katamon,” Yediot Aharonot, May 5, 2013.
69. Sheinman and Zenzifer, February 11, 2013, 7.
70. One, October 20, 2015.
71. Ibid., March 19, 2017.
72. Meyers et al., “Prime Time Commemoration.”
73. See note 6 above.
74. Aharoni, Yediot Aharonot, August 17, 2014, 8.
75. One, May 30, 2012.
76. Ibid., June 2, 2012.
77. Zenzifer, Yediot Aharonot, November 13, 2014, 3.
78. Levy and Weiss, Ibid., April 9, 2013, 4.
79. One, April 16, 2015.
80. Ibid., July 28, 2015.
81. Street, Mass Media, Politics and Democracy.
82. Siebert et al., Four Theories of the Press.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Ilan Tamir
Ilan Tamir is the Chair of the School of Communication at Ariel University in Israel and a visiting scholar at the Centre for Jewish Studies at Harvard University.
Moshe Levy
Moshe Levy is the chief-editor of Social Issues in Israel and a senior lecturer at Ariel University.