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Articles

The Negev Bedouin as a de-legitimization tool

Pages 121-143 | Published online: 25 Dec 2020
 

ABSTRACT

This article explores the evolution of Bedouin international advocacy and discourse within UN human rights bodies, starting with the first in 1998 to present. It demonstrates that during the last two decades, Bedouin international advocacy in UN bodies was carried out by various NGOs with differing agendas. The discourse on Bedouin issues was co-opted by national and foreign NGOs, some of which possessed clear anti-Israeli views. Parallel to the increasing volume of Bedouin international involvement, their issues became an asset in the overall efforts to de-legitimise Israel. The Bedouin’s harsh living conditions and ongoing land conflict with the state assisted in portraying Israel as an apartheid state.

Disclosure statement

The author was the Deputy District Attorney (Civil Matters), Southern District, in the Ministry of Justice, Israel until 2014.

Notes

1. “For first time, UN body criticizes Israel’s policies of racial segregation against Palestinians in Israel and OPT – as a single entity,” Adalah, December 19, 2019. https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/9873 (accessed July 17, 2020).

2. Adalah statement was not accurate. CERD did not use the terms “apartheid”, CERD, CO, January 27, 2020. CERD/C/ISR/CO/17-19.

3. Ratcliffe, “The Battle for Recognition’, and ‘Bedouin Rights,” 97-124; and Payes, Palestinian NGO’s.

4. The topic was dealt in NGO Monitor report, “NGOs and the Negev Bedouin Issue in the Context of Political Warfare”, November 6, 2013. https://www.ngo-monitor.org/reports/ngos_and_the_negev_bedouin_issue_in_the_context_of_political_warfare/. (accessed July 17, 2020).

5. Dennis Ross, “Antisemitism and Delegitimization,” http://jppi.org.il/en/article/de-legitimisation/toc/overview/#.X7zDoGgzY2w (accessed July 17, 2020).

6. Ibid.

7. Steinberg, “The Politics of NGOs,” 24-54.

8. Sharvit-Baruch and Aviram, “Delegitimization of Israel,” 456-57.

9. Steinberg, “From Durban to the Goldstone,” 372-88; Gerstenfeld, “Delegitimization currents in Europe”; Groiss, “De-legitimisation”; and Nisan, “In defence of the idea of a Jewish state,” 259-72.

10. Giraut and Houssay-Holzschuch, “Place Naming,” 1-21.

11. Azaryahu, “Hebrew, Arabic, English,” 461-79; Bigon and Dahamshy, “An Anatomy of Symbolic Power,” 606-21; Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape; Ben-Israel and Meir, “Renaming space and reshaping identities,” 65-92; and Cohen and Kliot, ‘Place-Names,” 653-80.

12. See: Yahel, “The Conflict over Land Ownership and Unauthorized Construction in the Negev,” 352-69 and “Beyond the Letter of the Law,” 84-127.

13. Elmasi and Waisblay, Bedouin Population in the Negev.

14. Salzman, Pastoralism; Kark and Frantzman, “Empire, State and the Bedouin,” 487-510; Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World; Galilee and Kark, “Bedouin Cemeteries in the Negev,” 113-32.

15. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World.

16. Yahel and Kark, “Land and Settlement of Israel’s Negev Bedouin,” 1-26.

17. Goldberg et al., Din VeHeshbon.

18. Prawer et al., Hamlatzot.

19. Government Resolution 3707, September 11, 2011.

20. Begin, “Regularization.”

21. Several plans are dedicated to the economic and social development of the Negev Bedouin: Government Resolution 3708, September 11, 2011; Government Resolution 2397, February 12, 2017.

22. Sabel and Adler, International Law; and Ben-Naftali and Shani, International Law.

23. Lerner, Group Rights; Ben Naftali and Shani, International Law, 195, 205.

24. UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, December 10, 1948, 217 A (III) https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

25. “Human rights in international law,” Ministry of Justice website. https://www.justice.gov.il/Units/YeutzVehakika/InternationalLaw/UnitWork/HumanRightsInternationalLaw/Pages/default.aspx (accessed July 17, 2020).

26. UN General Assembly, ICCPR, December 16, 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx (accessed July 17, 2020). Ratified by Israel in October 1991, and entered into force in Israel on 3 January 1992; UN General Assembly, ICESCR, December 16, 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993, p. 3. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx (accessed July 17, 2020). Ratified by Israel in October 1991, and entered into force in Israel on January 3, 1992; UN General Assembly, CERD, December 21, 1965, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, p. 195. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3940.html (accessed July 17, 2020). Ratified by Israel in January 1979, and entered into force in Israel on February 2, 1979. Bedouin issues were also discussed within Universal Periodic Review and the Special Rapporteurs, but to less extent.

27. Medina, “Domestic Human Rights,” 331.

28. See: Karsh, Israel in the International Arena.

29. ECOSOC, “List of non-governmental organisations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council as of 1 September 2018,” October 31, 2018. E/2018/INF/5.

30. UN General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, October 2, 2007, A/RES/61/295. https://www.refworld.org/docid/471355a82.html (accessed July 17, 2020).

31. For further discussion, see: Frantzman et al., “Contested Indigeneity”; Yahel, Kark and Frantzman, “Negev Bedouin and Indigenous People,” 121-44; Barzilai, Communities and Law. For different perspective see: Kedar, Amara and Yiftachel, Emptied Lands.

32. Israel Initial Report to CCPR, June 2, 1998. CCPR/C/81/Add.13 https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2fC%2f81%2fAdd.13&Lang=en (accessed July 17, 2020); Israel Initial Report to CESCR, January 20, 1998. E/1990/5/Add.39 https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2f1990%2f5%2fAdd.39&Lang=en (accessed July 17, 2020).

33. Adalah’s Statement to CESCR, November 1998. https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/eng/intladvocacy/uncescr98.htm (accessed July 17, 2020).

34. Non-Profit Registration Certificate, Ministry of Interior, December 25, 1997; Payes, Palestinian NGOs, 111.

35. CESCR, “Summary Records of the 33rd Meeting,” November 20, 1998. E/C.12/1998/SR.33.

36. CESCR, CO, December 4, 1998. E/C.12/1/Add.27.

37. Israel “Initial Report”, April 9, 1998. CCPR/C/81/Add.13. https://undocs.org/CCPR/C/81/Add.13.

38. ACRI and B’Tselem, July 1998. https://law.acri.org.il/pdf/ICCPR1998.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

39. Non-Profit Registration Certificate, Ministry of Interior, January 26, 1983.

40. “About ACRI,” Palestinian NGO’s. https://www.english.acri.org.il/about-us (accessed July 17, 2020); Payes, Palestinian NGO’s, 181.

41. CCPR-HRC, CO, August 18, 1998. CCPR/C/79/Add.93.

42. Adalah’s Statement to CERD, March 1998. https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/eng/intladvocacy/cerd-major-finding-march98.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

43. CERD, CO, March 30, 1998. CERD/C/304/Add.45.

44. AAHR & RCUV, “The unrecognised Villages in the Negev Update: 2003,” Submissions to the CESCR; “Between Segregated inclusion, Transfer and Concentration,” May 5, 2003.

45. CESCR, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-212995/ (accessed July 17, 2020).

46. Greenspan, Mediating Bedouin Futures, 62; and Payes, Palestinian NGO’s, 177.

47. CESCR, CO, June 26, 2003. E/C.12/1/Add.90.

48. Adalah’s reports, July 22, 2003: “State of Emergency,” https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/eng/intladvocacy/unhrc_03_emergency.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020); “The Use of Palestinian Civilians as Human Shields by the Israeli Army,” https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/eng/intladvocacy/unhrc_03_hum_shields.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020); “Family Unification and Citizenship,” https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/eng/intladvocacy/unhrc_03_fam_uni.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020); and “discrimination in representation in Governmental bodies,” https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/eng/intladvocacy/unhrc_03_fair_rep_gov.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

49. ICCPR-HRC, CO, August 21, 2003. CCPR/CO/78/ISR.

50. Frantzman et al., “Contested Indigeneity.”

51. Boteach, “The indigenous Bedouin.”

52. Avalon Project, “The Palestine Mandate.”

53. Non-Profit Registration Certificate, Ministry of Interior, February 21, 1999.

55. NCF website: https://www.dukium.org/education-advocacy/ (accessed July 17, 2020).

56. ECOSOC, List of non-governmental Organisations.

57. Adalah, “NGO Report to CERD – Israel,” December 15, 2005. https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/eng/intl06/CERD151205.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.

60. Adalah, “Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” to the UN Economic and Social Council – Commission on Human Rights, March 1, 2006. E/CN.4/2006/NGO/124.

61. ACRI, January 2006, https://law.acri.org.il/pdf/CERD0106.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

62. NCF, RCUV, Recognition Forum, Physicians for Human Rights, “The Arab-Bedouins of the Naqab-Negev Desert in Israel” Submitted to CERD’, May 2006.

63. CERD, CO, June 14, 2007. CERD/C/ISR/CO/13.

64. Israel Periodic Report, November 21, 2008. CCPR/C/ISR/3.

66. Mac Allister, “Applicability of the crime.”

67. Haia Noach et al., NCF, “The Bedouin-Arabs in the Negev-Naqab Desert in Israel,” Shadow Report, August 2009. In collaboration with: Association for Support and Defence of Bedouin Rights in Israel, Recognition Forum and Physicians for Human Rights. Link: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/ISR/INT_CCPR_NGO_ISR_99_9205_E.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

68. NCF, “Supplementary Report,” June 12, 2010. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/ISR/INT_CCPR_NGO_ISR_99_9201_E.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

69. Khalil Alamour, “Statement to the 99th session of the Human Rights Committee, 12-14 July 2010, Geneva,” https://www.dukium.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Khalil-statement-CPPR-review-of-Israel-July-2010-v3.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

70. Adalah, “The Rights of Palestinian Arab Citizens of Israel,” August 10, 2009. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fNGO%2fISR%2f99%2f9208&Lang=en (accessed July 17, 2020).

71. Adalah, “NGO Report to UN HRC: Palestinian citizens of Israel,” June 24, 2010. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fNGO%2fISR%2f99%2f9210&Lang=en (accessed July 17, 2020).

72. Badil, “Relevant Information for the compilation of the List of Issues,” September 30, 2009. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/ISR/INT_CCPR_NGO_ISR_99_9203_E.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020); additional reports: Badil, “Updated Relevant Information,” June 25, 2010. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fNGO%2fISR%2f99%2f9211&Lang=en (Accessed July 17, 2020); Adalah, “Follow-Up,” https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fNGO%2fISR%2f99%2f9211&Lang=en (accessed July 17, 2020).

73. CCPR, CO, September 3, 2010. CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3.

76. Michal Rotem et al., “Response to the Report of the State of Israel- CESCR,” October, 2010 http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/ngos/NCFCE_Israel.doc (accessed July 17, 2020); Adalah, Response to the List of Issues, October 18, 2011. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCESCR%2fNGO%2fISR%2f47%2f9143&Lang=en (accessed July 17, 2020).

77. NGO Information submitted by the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) to CESCR, October 2010. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/ngos/ACRI_Israel45.doc (accessed July 17, 2020).

78. Libby Lenkinski et al., “NGO Information submitted by the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: For Consideration when assessing the compliance of the State of Israel under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,” October 2011. https://law.acri.org.il//he/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/ICESCR2011.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

79. CESCR concluding remarks December 16, 2011. E/C.12/ISR/CO/3.

81. Mossawa et al., “Shadow Report: United Nations Committee Against All Forms of Racial Discrimination,” January 2012. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCERD%2fNGO%2fISR%2f80%2f9177&Lang=en (accessed July 17, 2020).

82. CERD, CO, 9 March 2012. CERD/C/ISR/CO/14-16.

83. Adalah, NCF, Bimkom, Amnesty International, Badil, NGO Monitor.

84. Amnesty, “Israel,” September 2014.

85. It gained CS status in 1964. Amnesty website: https://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/ (accessed July 17, 2020).

86. Sharon Karni-Kohn et al, “Violations of Civil and Political Rights in the Realm of Planning and Building in Israel and the Occupied Territories,” September 2014. http://bimkom.org/eng/wp-content/uploads/shadow-report.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

87. Non-Profit Registration Certificate, Ministry of Interior, May 11, 1999.

88. CCPR, CO, November 21, 2014. CCPR/C/ISR/CO/4.

89. NFC and Adalah, ‘Violations of the ICERD against the Arab Bedouin citizens of Israel living in the Naqab/Negev desert’, September 12, 2019. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCERD%2fNGO%2fISR%2f37260&Lang=en (accessed July 17, 2020).

90. Joint Parallel Report to CERD 100th Session, November 10, 2019. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/ISR/INT_CERD_NGO_ISR_39700_E.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

91. “Concluding observations,” January 27, 2020. CERD/C/ISR/CO/17-19.

92. Negev Coexistence Forum for Civil Equality Official Website: https://www.dukium.org/education-advocacy/.

93. “Join the Alternative Naqab Tours!,” Negev Coexistence Forum for Civil Equality Official Website, https://www.dukium.org/tout-the-negev-with-ncf/ (accessed July 17, 2020).

94. Adalah, “Tours,” https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/7910 (accessed July 17, 2020).

95. “Adalah Leads Foreign Diplomat Tour of Arab Bedouin Unrecognized Villages in the Naqab, as part of “Stop Prawer” Campaign,” Adalah, October 30, 2012, https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/7859 (accessed July 17, 2020).

96. Ibid.

97. NCF, “U.S. Department of State 2017 Human Rights Report,” https://www.dukium.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NCF-Update-for-the-US-State-Department-2017.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

98. US Department of State, 2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Israel, Golan Heights, West Bank, and Gaza https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/israel-golan-heights-west-bank-and-gaza/ (accessed July 17, 2020).

99. “About us,” EuroMed Rights, https://euromedrights.org/about-us/who-we-are/ (accessed July 17, 2020).

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102. Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network, Adalah and AHR, The EU and the Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel, Brussels, February 2011. https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/eng/Arab_Minority_Rep.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020).

103. Ibid., 58.

104. “Achievements,” Adalah, https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/7716 (accessed July 17, 2020).

105. JNF Colonising Palestine Since 1901: Ongoing Ethnic Cleansing – Judaising the Naqab (Al-Beit: Association for the Defence of Human Rights in Israel) https://bdsmovement.net/files/2011/02/JNFeBookVol3.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020). Suliman Abu-Sitta, “Al-Araqib – All of Palestine,” in JNF. Abu-Sita is the Founder and President of Palestine Land Society (PLS). http://www.plands.org/en/home (accessed July 17, 2020). His latest article titled “Massacres as a weapon of ethnic cleansing during the Nakba,” June 12, 2020. http://www.plands.org/en/articles-speeches/articles/2019-(1)/when-the-denial-bubble-bursts-an-israeli-kibbutz-faces-the-nakba (accessed July 17, 2020).

106. Pappe et al., Introducing the Jewish National Fund. JNF eBook, Volume 1, January 2010. https://www.bdsmovement.net/files/2011/02/JNFeBookVol1ed2x.pdf (accessed July 17, 2020); See also Ghada Karmi, “Weapon of the Weak,” Haaretz, July 16, 2007.

107. Amara, “Towards a Complete Boycott.”

108. “Fiddler with no Roof,” Production of Physician for Human Rights, 2103. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8c57DEOji4 (accessed June 7, 2020); Ben-Dror Yemini, “The blood libel film,” The Times of Israel, November 29, 2013.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Havatzelet Yahel

Havatzelet Yahel is a Lecturer at the Ben-Gurion Institute for the Study of Israel and Zionism, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.

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