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Research Article

Fascism as seen by the Christian Democrats in the years of the republic of parties (1945–1994)

Pages 269-284 | Received 22 Jan 2024, Accepted 21 Apr 2024, Published online: 18 Jun 2024
 

ABSTRACT

The Christian Democratic interpretation of the fascist regime drew on the analyses conducted in the 1920s which identified the statism-racism-warmongering nexus as the defining trait of fascist movements. With the outbreak of the Cold War, the Italian fascism disappeared as a political phenomenon, but with Aldo Moro became a historical example of a system enemy of individual freedom but also responsible for policies that went against the interests of working people. In Moro’s view, the birth of the Republic had opened up a new path that still had to be perfected but certainly in antithesis to the fascist one. The parties of the anti-fascist coalition had contributed to this new path and were called upon to complete it in a “progressive”. This perspective carried on until the “national solidarity”, but after Moro’s assassination, the cultural and political framework in the 1980s, became increasingly critical of the cornerstones of post-1945 anti-fascism.

RIASSUNTO

L’interpretazione democratica cristiana del regime fascista si basava sulle analisi condotte negli anni ’20 che identificavano nel nesso statalismo-razzismo-guerrafondaia il tratto distintivo dei movimenti fascisti. Con lo scoppio della Guerra Fredda, il fascismo italiano scomparve come fenomeno politico, ma con Aldo Moro divenne un esempio storico di un sistema nemico della libertà individuale ma anche responsabile di politiche contrarie agli interessi dei lavoratori. Secondo Moro la nascita della Repubblica aveva aperto una nuova strada ancora tutta da perfezionare ma certamente in antitesi a quella fascista. I partiti della coalizione antifascista avevano contribuito a questo nuovo percorso ed erano chiamati a completarlo in maniera “progressista”. Questa prospettiva continuò fino alla “solidarietà nazionale”, ma dopo l’assassinio di Moro, il quadro culturale e politico degli anni Ottanta divenne sempre più critico nei confronti dei capisaldi dell’anti-fascismo post-1945.

Notes

1. Demofilo, L’antifascismo, ‘Il Popolo,’ 23 January 1944. All translations from the Italian are mine.

2. Demofilo, Chi siamo, ‘Il Popolo,’ 12 December 1943.

3. Id., L’antifascismo, in ‘Popolo.’ 23 January 1944.

4. Guido Gonella, Nemesi, in ‘Popolo,’ 29 May 1945.

5. Alcide De Gasperi’s address at the first meeting of the Roman branch of the D.C., quoted on the Alcide website: https://alcidedigitale.fbk.eu/platform/?from=1943&to=1948&tags=partito.

6. Alcide De Gasperi’s address at the 5th PPI Congress, quoted on the Alcide website: https://alcidedigitale.fbk.eu/platform/?from=1918&to=1926&tags=partito.

7. Uno del ’19, Posizioni di giovani, ‘Il Popolo,’ 12 December 1943.

8. Archivio Istituto Luce, L’inaugurazione dell’acquedotto di Lenola, Mondo Libero/M 312, 02/08/1957.

9. Arnaldo Forlani, Coerenza di impegno, ‘Il Popolo,’ 25 April 1970.

10. Beniamino Zaccagnini, Valori umani nella lotta antifascista, ‘Il Popolo,’ 25 April 1974.

11. See the speech delivered in Bari on the 30th anniversary of the Resistance in Archivi del Novecento: http://www.archivio900.it/it/documenti/finestre-900.aspx?c=1138

12. Marcello Gilmozzi, In nome della libertà, ‘Il Popolo,’ 25 May 1978.

13. Gabriella Fanello Marcucci, Le debolezze delle istituzioni permisero la dittatura fascista, ‘Il Popolo,’ 20 October 1982.

14. Mario Ferrari Aggradi, ‘Ribelli’ per costruire uno stato democratico, ‘Il Popolo,’ 25 April 1983.

15. Giovanni Galloni, Quarant’anni di libertà, ‘Il Popolo,’ 25 April 1985.

16. Baniamino Zaccagnini, Democrazia da difendere in continuo civile dialogo, ‘Il Popolo,’ 25 April 1985.

17. Paolo Emilio Taviani, 1945: Secondo risorgimento non guerra civile, ‘Il Popolo,’ 25 April 1990.

18. Mario Ferrari Aggradi, Per essere degni di loro, ‘Il Popolo,’ 25 April 1992.

19. S. Guerrini, Un monito nel segno della libertà, in ibid.

20. Remiglio Cavedon, Rinnovare la radice dei valori antichi, ‘Il Popolo,’ 24 April 1992.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Tommaso Baris

Tommaso Baris teaches contemporary history at the University of Palermo. His research interests range from Fascism to the political parties of the Italian Republic, and among his most recent works are: Andreotti a political biographical essay (Il Mulino, 2021) and The Resistance and the birth of the Republic in Italian communism in the history of the twentieth century (Viella, 2021).

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