Abstract
Thirty-two Chinese-speaking adults solved single-digit multiplication problems. As compared to samples of English-, French-, and Dutch-speaking adults from other studies, the Chinese adults in the present study made more errors that indicated interactions between phonological codes activated at encoding and production of answers. For example, Chinese-speaking individuals made more naming errors (e.g. 4 × 8 = 48) and more operand-intrusion errors (e.g. 4 × 6 = 42) than speakers of Indo-European languages. The results are not consistent with strictly modular views of numerical processing in which encoding, calculation, and production processes are independent.