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Notes
1. See, for example: Califia, Pat. (Citation1994) Public Sex: The Culture of Radical Sex, Cleis Press, Pittsburgh, PA; Ginsberg, Allen (Citation2000) Deliberate Prose, ed. Bill Morgan, Harper Collins, New York, pp. 167–172; Goldman, Emma (Citation1983) Red Emma Speaks, ed. Alix Kates Shulman, Schocken Books, New York, pp. 150–214; Reich, Wilhelm (Citation1983) Children of the Future, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, New York; Smith, Andy (Citation2000–2001) ‘Group sex: communal ethics of eroticism, free love, and the extended family’, The Fifth Estate, Fall/Winter, vol. 35 #2.
2. ‘The responsive communitarian platform’, in The Essential Communitarian Reader, ed. Amitai Etzioni, Rowman and Littlefield, New York (Citation1998), pp. xxv–xxxix. On the difference between responsive or new communitarian thinking (on which we draw here) and others see www.communitariannetwork.org; also Etzioni, Amitai (Citation1996) The New Golden Rule, Basic Book, New York.
3. Lawler, Rev. Ronald, Boyle, Joseph & May, William E. (Citation1985) Catholic Sexual Ethics: A Summary, Explanation, & Defense, Our Sunday Visitor, Inc., Huntington, IN, p. 9.
4. Catechism of the Catholic Church, United States Catholic Conference, Washington, DC (Citation2002), p. 2362.
5. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2351.
6. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1767.
7. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1767, citing St. Thomas Aquinas, ST, I–II.24.1 corp. art.
8. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1767–1768.
9. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2339.
10. Baum, Cardinal William, Foreward to Catholic Sexual Ethics: A Summary, Explanation, & Defense, by Lawler, Rev. Ronald, Boyle, Joseph & May, William E. (Citation1985) Our Sunday Visitor, Inc., Huntington, IN, p. 7.
11. It is important to note that the Catholic discussion of sexuality recognizes sources of theological authority not as strongly held by all Christians. The sources of theological authority generally fall into four categories: scripture, tradition, reason, and experience. For Protestant Christianity, scripture is primary, and the other three sources are relegated to hermeneutical tools for the interpretation of scripture. In Roman Catholicism, the tradition of the Church is primary. Thus, protestations to the contrary, scripture is held in nearly equal regard with reason and experience, which are generally combined in the category of natural law. Contemporary debates about sexuality in Roman Catholicism generally operate in the field of natural law with, at best, general or token overtures to scripture.
12. Fox, Thomas C. (Citation1995) Sexuality and Catholicism, G. Braziller, New York, pp. 15–16.
13. 1 Corinthians 7: 8–9.
14. 1 Corinthians 7: 36–40.
15. St. Augustine, The Good of Marriage, Chapter 9, as cited St. Augustine on Marriage and Sexuality, ed. Elizabeth Clark, Catholic University of America Press, Washington, DC (Citation1996), p. 51.
16. St. Augustine, The Good of Marriage, Chapter 3, as cited in Clark, 46
17. St. Augustine, Epistle 6, as cited in Clark, 100.
18. St. Augustine, The Good of Marriage, Chapter 5, as cited in Clark, 48.
19. St. Augustine, The Good of Marriage, Chapter 1, as cited in Clark, 43.
20. Lawler, 37–40.
21. Aquinas, Thomas (Citation1981) Summa Theologica, Fathers of the English Dominican Province, trans. Christian Classics Allen, TX, I–II.24.1.
22. Aquinas, ST, I–II.24.2.
23. Aquinas, ST, II–II.153.3.
24. Aquinas, ST, II–II.153.2.
25. Cahill, Lisa Sowle (Citation1985) Between the Sexes: Foundation for a Christian Ethics of Sexuality, Fortress Press, Philadelphia, PA, p. 107.
26. Cahill, 112.
27. Fox, 25–28, 32–33.
28. Fox, 251–252.
29. CitationSelling, Joseph, ‘The Development of Catholic Tradition and Sexual Morality’, in Embracing Sexuality, ed. Joseph Selling, 151.
30. Selling, 152–154.
31. Selling, 157–160.
32. Cahill, 2–3.
33. Cahill, 4.
34. Cahill, 143.
35. Cahill, 140–141.
36. Cahill, 149.
37. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. ‘Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics’, in Readings in Moral Theology No. 8: Dialogue about Catholic Sexual Teaching, eds Charles E. Curran & Richard A. McCormick, Paulist Press, New York (1993), 379.
38. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. ‘Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics’, in Readings in Moral Theology No. 8: Dialogue about Catholic Sexual Teaching, eds Charles E. Curran & Richard A. McCormick, Paulist Press, New York (1993), 286.
39. As quoted in Lamm, Maurice (Citation1980) The Jewish Way in Love and Marriage, Harper and Row, San Francisco, CA, p. 29.
40. Boyarin, Daniel (Citation1995) ‘Dialectics of Desire’, in Jewish Explorations of Sexuality, ed. Jonathan Maganet, Berghahn Books, Providence, p. 35.
41. As cited in Lamm, 135.
42. As cited in Stolper, Pinchas (Citation1984) Jewish Alternatives in Love, Dating, and Marriage, National Conference of Synagogue Youth/Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of American, New York, 22–23.
43. Heschel, Abraham (Citation1959) Between God and Man, Harper & Brothers, New York, p. 239.
44. Boyarin, 28–29.
45. As quoted in Lamm, 30.
46. For a discussion of this, see Frymer-Kensky, Tikva (Citation1995) ‘Law and Philosophy: The Case of Sex in the Bible’, in Jewish Explorations of Sexuality, ed. Jonathan Magonet, Bergahn Books, Providence, RI, 4–16.
47. Deuteronomy 22: 22–25.
48. Exodus 22: 16–17.
49. Leviticus 18. See discussion in Frymer-Kensky, 10–11.
50. As quoted in Stolper, 38.
51. Stolper, 17.
52. For further discussion of the concept of yichud, see Lamm, 19–23.
53. Rockman, Hannah (Citation1995) ‘Sexual Behavior Among Ultra-Orthodox Jews’, Jewish Explorations of Sexuality, ed. Jonathan Magonet, Bergahn Books, Providence, RI, p. 193.
54. Lamm, 138–139.
55. Stolper, 27–28.
56. Lamm, 24.
57. Lamm, 13.
58. Lamm, 43.
59. Rockman, 194.
60. Stolper, 32–33.
61. Stolper, 52.
62. Stolper, 24.
63. Stolper, 18.
64. Rockman, 194–198.
65. For an excellent study of Islam and sexuality, see Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab (Citation1985) Sexuality in Islam, ed. Alan Sheridan, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. For a journalistic, but very informative report, see Brooks, Gerladine (Citation1995) The Nine Parts of Desire, Doubleday, New York.
66. Guyon, Rene (Citation1941) The Ethics of Sexual Acts, J. C. and Ingeborg Flugel trans., Blue Ribbon Books, Garden City, NY.
67. Guyon, Rene (Citation1973) Sexual Freedom, Eden and Cedar Paul trans., Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.
68. Guyon, Sexual Freedom, xi.
69. Guyon, Sexual Freedom, 2–3.
70. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 5.
71. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 23–24.
72. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 46–47.
73. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 51.
74. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 38.
75. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 50.
76. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 7.
77. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 7.
78. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 35.
79. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 64–66.
80. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 136.
81. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 279.
82. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 303.
83. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 206–209.
84. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 71.
85. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 281–293.
86. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 34.
87. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 74–76.
88. Guyon, The Ethics of Sexual Acts, 168–169.
89. See, for example, Kinsey, Alfred C., Pomeroy, Wardell B. & Martin, Clyde E. (Citation1948) Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, Saunders, Philadelphia; Kinsey, Alfred C. & the staff of the Institute for Sex Research (Citation1953) Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, Saunder, Philadelphia; Masters, William H. & Johnson, Virginia E. (Citation1966) Human Sexual Response, Little and Brown, Boston; Masters, William H. & Johnson, Virginia E. (Citation1974) The Pleasure Bond: A New Look at Sexuality and Commitment, Little and Brown, Boston; Masters, William H., Johnson, Virginia E. & Kolodny, Robert C. (Citation1982) Human Sexuality, Little and Brown, Boston.
90. Freud, Sigmund (Citation1961) Civilization and its Discontents, James Strachy, trans. and ed., Norton, New York, p. 33.
91. Freud, 23–24.
92. Freud, 26–27.
93. Freud, 44.
94. Freud, 46.
95. Freud, 49–50.
96. Freud, 51–52.
97. Freud, 55.
98. Freud, 56–61.
99. Freud, 62.
100. Freud, 37–40.
101. Freud, 42–43.
102. See Wrong, Denis (Citation1994) The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society, The Free Press, New York.
103. See Brooks, David, ‘Making It: Love and Success at America's Finest Universities’, The Weekly Standard 23 (December Citation2002); Laura Sessions Stepp, ‘The Buddy System: Sex in High School and College: What's Love Got to Do With It?’ Washington Post (19 January Citation2003).
104. For a full discussion, see Etzioni, Amitai (Citation2003) ‘On Protecting Children from Speech’, The Chicago-Kent Law Review, Spring.
105. Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education, 2nd edition, National Guidelines Task Force, SIECUS (Citation1996), p. 29.
106. Reference is to ‘a’ communitarian because communitarian positions differ from one another as those of other schools, and the views represented here are those of the authors and not of this ‘school’ of thought.
107. Burkett, Elinor (Citation2000) The Baby Boon: How Family-Friendly America Cheats the Childless, Free Press, New York; Morell, Carolyn M. (Citation1994) Unwomanly Conduct: The Challenges of Intentional Childlessness, Routledge, New York; see also the following websites: http://now2000.com/cbc/ and http://www.fred.net/turtle/kids/kids2.html.
108. [[Cite specific studies]]
109. Moore, Barrington (Citation1984) Privacy: Studies in Social and Cultural History, Pantheon Books, New York, pp. 59–60, 66–70.
110. Moore, 66–71.
111. For further discussion, see Etzioni, Amitai (Citation1988) The Moral Dimension, The Free Press, New York.
112. Task Force on Interpersonal Relations, Family Life, and Intimacy, ‘Education for Interpersonal Relations, Family Life, and Intimacy’, (Washington, DC: The Communitarian Network). Available at: http://www.gwu.edu/∼ccps/Intimacy.html, accessed 2 June 2003.
113. The members of the Task Force included: William D'Antonio, Professor, Catholic University of America; Margaret Pruitt Clark, President, Advocates for Youth; Amitai Etzioni, Founder and Director, The Communitarian Network; Neil Gilbert, Acting Dean and Chernin Professor of Social Welfare and Social Services, University of California at Berkeley; Helen Liebowitz; Luigi Mastroianni, Director, Division of Human Reproduction, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center; David Meyers, Professor of Psychology, Hope College; David Popenoe, Professor, Rutgers University; and Isabel Sawhill, Senior Fellow, The Urban Institute.
114. Etzioni, Amitai (Citation1993) The Spirit of Community: The Reinvention of American Society, Simon & Schuster, New York, pp. 89–116.
115. Mauldron, Jane & Luker, Kristin (Citation1996) ‘Does Liberation Cause Sex?’, The American Prospect 24 (Winter), p. 85.
116. Whitney, Craig, ‘French Bishop Supports Some Use of Condoms to Prevent AIDS’, New York Times, Feb. 13, Citation1996, A5.