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Articles

Paid work: the magic solution for young women to achieve empowerment? Evidence from the Empower Youth for Work project in Bangladesh

Pages 551-568 | Published online: 08 Nov 2018
 

ABSTRACT

Recently the ‘demographic dividend’ has attracted attention from policymakers because of the promise it delivers for development. But it has attracted criticism for taking an instrumental approach to young people rather than focusing on equality and rights. A similar critique has come from feminists evaluating livelihoods programming focusing on women’s ‘economic empowerment’. In this article, we draw on evidence from the Empower Youth for Work (EYW) project in Bangladesh to show why youth employment programmes need to challenge complex gender- and age-related barriers to young women’s full participation. Research findings confirm young women’s sizeable contribution to the economy through unpaid care work and informal employment. They also highlight the powerful role of gendered social norms that prevent young women from taking full advantage of training and income-generating opportunities. Youth employment programming needs to move beyond a narrow focus on ‘economic empowerment’ and instrumentalist approaches to ensure the current focus on youth is as empowering as it can be to young women.

Récemment le « dividende démographique » a suscité l’attention des décideurs en raison de sa dimension prometteuse pour le développement. Mais il a aussi fait l’objet de critiques parce qu’il adopte une approche instrumentale des jeunes au lieu de se concentrer sur l’égalité et les droits. Une critique similaire a émané des féministes qui évaluent la programmation relative aux moyens de subsistance se concentrant sur l’« autonomisation économique » des femmes. Dans cet article, nous nous basons sur des données factuelles provenant du projet Empower Youth for Work (EYW) au Bangladesh pour montrer pourquoi les programmes d’emploi de jeunes doivent mettre en question les barrières complexes liées au sexe et à l’âge qui entravent la participation des jeunes femmes. Les conclusions des recherches confirment la considérable contribution des jeunes femmes à l’économie à travers le travail de soins non rémunéré et l’emploi informel. Elles mettent par ailleurs en relief le rôle puissant des normes sociales basées sur le genre qui empêchent les jeunes femmes de profiter pleinement des opportunités de formation et de génération de revenus. La programmation autour de l’emploi des jeunes doit cesser de se concentrer seulement sur l’« autonomisation économique » et des approches instrumentalistes pour veiller à ce que l’attention actuellement consacrée aux jeunes soit aussi autonomisante que possible pour les jeunes femmes.

Recientemente, el llamado “dividendo demográfico” ha atraído la atención de los formuladores de políticas, pues existen expectativas de que potenciará el desarrollo. Sin embargo, también se lo ha criticado por su enfoque hacia los jóvenes, más instrumental que basado en cuestiones de igualdad y derechos. Una crítica similar fue expresada por feministas que evaluaron programas relativos a los medios de vida, cuyo contenido se centraba en el “empoderamiento económico” de las mujeres. Para demostrar que los programas orientados a fomentar el empleo entre los jóvenes deben tomar en cuenta los complejos obstáculos vinculados con el género y la edad que impiden la plena participación de las mujeres jóvenes, el presente artículo se apoya en información surgida del proyecto Empower Youth for Work (eyw), impulsado en Bangladesh. Varias investigaciones dan cuenta de que con su trabajo de cuidados no remunerado y sus empleos en el sector informal, las mujeres jóvenes contribuyen significativamente a la economía. Además, destacan el importante papel ejercido por las normas sociales basadas en el género, en tanto impiden que las mujeres puedan aprovechar plenamente las oportunidades disponibles para capacitarse y generar ingresos. Por ello es necesario que los programas dirigidos a promover el empleo para jóvenes superen su limitado enfoque en el “empoderamiento económico” y en aspectos instrumentales, a fin de garantizar que la actual orientación hacia la juventud repercuta lo más que sea posible en el empoderamiento de las mujeres jóvenes.

Notes on contributors

Pushpita Saha is the Senior Monitoring Evaluation Accountability & Learning (MEAL) Officer for Oxfam in Bangladesh. Postal address: Oxfam, Level 8 (Southern Side), RAOWA Complex, VIP Road, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh. Email: [email protected]

Saskia Van Veen is an Impact Measurement and Knowledge specialist at Oxfam Novib in The Hague, Netherlands. Email: [email protected]

Imogen Davies is a Programme Adviser on Youth, Gender and Active Citizenship for Oxfam GB. Email: [email protected]

Khalid Hossain is the Economic Justice Resilience Programme Manager at Oxfam in Bangladesh. Email: [email protected]

Ronald van Moorten works as a researcher at Oxfam Novib in The Hague, Netherlands. Email: [email protected]

Lien van Mellaert works as a Monitoring Evaluation Accountability & Learning (MEAL) specialist at Oxfam Novib in The Hague, Netherlands. Email: [email protected]

Notes

1 See Oxfam Policy and Practice website, https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/our-work/gender-justice/womens-economic-empowerment) (last checked 12 September 2018).

2 See the Empower Youth for Work webpage at https://www.oxfamnovib.nl/donors-partners/about-oxfam/projects-and-programs/empower-youth-for-work) (last checked 12 September 2018).

3 See ‘Women's economic empowerment: Guidance note' (n.d.) Government of Canada, http://international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/priorities-priorites/women-femmes.aspx?lang=eng (last checked 4 October 2018).

4 EYW Bangladesh also has specific interventions targeted at adults and the community as a whole, and in the Baseline Survey, we additionally surveyed 202 adult community members in the same locations, to get a better understanding of the overall environment and social norms at play.

5 For further detailed technical information on the methodology of the Baseline Survey, contact Saskia Van Veen.

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